Assignment格式范文：Power and Conflict in Planning – China’s Major Land Reclamation Project

Assignment格式范文-规划中的权力与冲突——中国重大土地复垦项目。本文是一篇留学生Assignment格式参考范文，是一篇符合国外大学assignment格式要求的作业。主要内容是讲述一个由香港历史上第一任行政长官领导的智囊团与三家主要的全球顾问就一个结构不良的问题展开合作，提议收回约2200公顷土地，主要用于经济适用房和新的商业机会。

现在被称为“大屿山明天计划”的拟议中的人工岛将在大屿山以东、考宜洲以南、香港市中心以西的南中国海新建地区容纳多达110万人。在从每个周围岛屿提供拟议的高速公路和铁路（全部纳入水下）后，该项目的成本约为7000亿港元（890亿美元），其中不包括岛屿本身的道路、公用事业、公共住房和各种社区设施（如医院和学校）的成本。由于预算超支现在已成为香港的惯例，价格实际上将超过1万亿港元（1280亿美元）——香港的财政储备在2017/18财年末达到1.1万亿港元。强烈的反对团体已经介入，希望分享来自不同立场的信息，包括海水上涨的威胁，以及由全球变暖引起的更严重和更频繁的风暴，明显的预算问题，以及一个漫长的时间框架，这将导致棕地土地上局部开发的某种长期解决方案。下面就一起来参考一下这篇Assignment格式范文的全部内容。

Introduction 简介

A think tank led by the first Chief Executive in Hong Kong’s history has joined with three major global consultants regarding an ill-structured issue to propose reclaiming ~2,200 hectares of land, predominantly for affordable housing and new commercial opportunities. Now known as the “Lantau Tomorrow Plan” the proposed artificial island would house up to 1.1 million people in a newly created area in the South China Sea just east of Lantau Island, south of Kau Yi Chau, and west of downtown Hong Kong. After suppling the proposed motorways and railways from each surrounding island (all to be integrated under water) the costs of the project presses around HK$700 Billion ($89 billion USD), which does not account for the cost of the roads on the island itself, utilities, the public housing, and various community facilities such as hospitals and schools. As overrunning the budget has now become routine in Hong Kong, the price will effectively be upwards of HK$1 Trillion (128 Billion USD) – Hong Kong’s fiscal reserves stood at HK$1.1 trillion at the end of the 2017/18 fiscal year. Strong opposition groups have stepped in hoping to share information from various positions including the threat of rising sea waters with more severe and frequent storms induced from global warming, obvious budget concerns, and a lengthy timeframe that will result in a sort-term solution of local development on brownfield land.

Participants & Stakeholders 参与者和利益相关者

 Hong Kong’s government and Chief Executive say the Lantau Tomorrow Plan will solve the crisis of the city’s lack of ability to provide affordable housing and developable land. The waiting time last year in the city for public housing was over five-years (Hale & Hale 2019) making the argument enticing for many. The project got its initial “Lantau Tomorrow” name when announced by Chief Executive, Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor, as a cornerstone in a recent policy address, which has put residents of multiple surrounding islands on high alert. Backlash from the public sector has sparked a number of protests where critics of the plan say the project is unnecessary, unaffordable, and unsustainable while conservationists and natives argue the threat of marine habitats, ocean current, and the ecosystem itself would be put in danger. Multiple takes on the plan, especially in deep water areas, are coined “not-scientific nor realistic”. (Ying 2018)

香港政府和行政长官表示，大屿山明日计划将解决香港缺乏能力提供经济适用房和可开发土地的危机。去年，该市等待公共住房的时间超过了五年（Hale&Hale 2019），这使得这一论点吸引了许多人。行政长官林郑月娥在最近的一份施政报告中宣布，该项目最初的名字是“大屿山明日”，作为施政报告的基石。这份报告使周边多个岛屿的居民高度警惕。来自公共部门的强烈反对引发了一系列抗议，批评该计划的人士表示，该项目没有必要、负担不起、不可持续，而环保主义者和当地人则认为，海洋栖息地、洋流和生态系统本身的威胁将处于危险之中。这项计划的多项举措，尤其是在深水区，被称为“不科学也不现实”。

Tranquil lives of Lantau Island also pushback on this project due to the unwanted aim at connecting the city closely to mainland China and its eventual task of being a gateway to the Greater Bay area, a campaign to integrate Hong Kong with southern Chinese Cities (Ying 2018). Lantau Tomorrow received heavy questioning after getting accused of being a gift to private business to enable them to make huge profits, as a similar proposal was made by a group consisting of governors and supporters whom represent some of the world’s major developers and powerful insiders: New World, Henderson Development co., Hang Lung, and many more – creating speculation that the developers, powerful business owners, and the city are really just in it for the eventual payout and are overlooking a large portion of those impacted and the current-day fiscal concerns. Those involved ultimately come from pollution experts, environmentalist, native residents, major world developers, private influencers, and the top-down Chinese government whom all have to collaboratively work towards a consensus for possible long-lasting change.

大屿山宁静的生活也阻碍了该项目的实施，因为该项目旨在将大屿山与中国大陆紧密相连，并最终成为大湾区的门户，这是一场将香港与中国南方城市融合的运动。大屿山明天受到严厉质询，因为有人指责它是给私营企业的礼物，使它们能够赚取巨额利润，而由代表世界上一些主要开发商和有权势的内部人士的州长和支持者组成的团体也提出了类似的建议：新世界、亨德森发展有限公司、恒隆、，还有更多——让人猜测，开发商、有权势的企业主和城市实际上只是为了最终的支出，忽略了大部分受影响的人和当前的财政问题。这些参与者最终来自污染专家、环境保护主义者、当地居民、世界主要开发商、私人影响者和自上而下的中国政府，他们都必须共同努力，为可能的长期变化达成共识。

Motivating values 激励价值观

Mui Wo, the nearest civilization to the reclamation project, is a sleepy town of 5,000 people on Lantau Island. It draws visitors to its many cafés and restaurants, a beach, and scenic hiking trails that wrap around the coastline with views of nearby islands. “Although Lantau is Hong Kong’s largest island, Mui Wo has a distinctively offbeat vibe compared to the rest of the city, with neighborhood dogs relaxing on the sidewalk and the pervasive calm typical of coastal tourist towns. It’s a community that could almost be in semi-rural Hawaii, dotted with abandoned farms and tropical vegetation as well as overgrown Chinese graves and low-rise apartment buildings.” (Hale & Hale 2019). The residents of Mui Wo should expect a drastic change to their native atmosphere, the cafés that once provided sweeping views of the sea will soon have unprecedented views of construction – and eventually high-rise towners. While this is broadly considered a NIMBY issue, multiple values are also being acted upon in connection to the project’s idea. With a joining of residents and activists on nearby islands being concerned that this solution to housing places too high of a toll on local and marine environment around the towns Mui Wo and Kau Yi Chau (Kuo, 2018). The project will create a narrowing of the passageway to the open sea and will create an almost enclosed environment, where water-current movement will be greatly reduced, oxygen contents of the water slowly depleted, and, unfortunately, a perfect place for garbage and debris to pile up year-round creating a nightmare for the native lives on the island of Lantau.

梅窝是离填海工程最近的一个文明城市，是大屿山一个有5000人的沉睡小镇。它吸引游客到它的许多咖啡馆和餐馆、海滩和风景优美的徒步小道，这些小道环绕着海岸线，可以看到附近的岛屿。“虽然大屿山是香港最大的岛屿，但梅窝与香港其他地方相比，有着独特的另类氛围，邻里的狗在人行道上休息，到处都是沿海旅游城镇特有的宁静。这是一个几乎可以位于夏威夷半乡村的社区，到处都是废弃的农场和热带植被，还有杂草丛生的中国坟墓和低矮的房屋公寓楼。”。梅窝的居民应该期待着当地的气氛发生巨大的变化，曾经可以俯瞰大海的咖啡馆很快就会有前所未有的建筑景观，最终会有高楼大厦。虽然这被广泛认为是一个灵活的问题，但与项目理念相关的多种价值观也在发挥作用。随着附近岛屿上的居民和活动家的加入，他们担心这种解决方案对梅窝镇和九宜洲镇周围的当地和海洋环境造成了太高的影响。该项目将使通往公海的通道变窄，并将创造一个几乎封闭的环境，在那里水流运动将大大减少，水中的含氧量将慢慢耗尽，不幸的是，这是一个垃圾和碎片常年堆积的理想场所，给大屿山的原住民生活带来噩梦。

Proponents of the project say it is aimed squarely at one of Hong Kong’s biggest issues: a lack of affordable homes. Hong Kong, home to 7 million people, has some of the world’s most expensive housing. Lantau Tomorrow has promised 70% of the new residential land developed would be devoted to public housing (Zoning: 1/3 residential, 2/3 commercial, public facilities, and new industries). Pro-democracy lawmakers and environmentalist argue that Hong Kong doesn’t need a mega-project taking over twenty years to complete, but rather needing more urgent solutions like provisional hosing on brownfield land in the New Territories as local government estimates the city to peak in population by the year 2043 at 9 million people. Tung Chee-hwa, the initial think tank founder, knows the importance of short-term solutions as well insisting on the potential of privately-owned farmland in the New Territories of China and noting it would be necessary to develop damaged agricultural land, locally referred as a brownfield site.

该项目的支持者表示，该项目正是针对香港最大的问题之一：缺乏经济适用房。拥有700万人口的香港拥有世界上最昂贵的住房。大屿山明日承诺，新开发的住宅用地中，70%将用于公共住房（分区：1/3住宅、2/3商业、公共设施和新工业）。民主派议员和环保人士辩称，香港不需要一个需要20多年才能完成的大型项目，而是需要更紧迫的解决方案，如在新界的棕色土地上临时浇水，因为当地政府估计，到2043年，香港人口将达到900万。最初的智囊团创始人董建华知道短期解决方案的重要性，同时也坚持中国新界私有农田的潜力，并指出有必要开发受损农田，在当地被称为棕地。

resulting conflict 由此产生的冲突

Many skeptics believe that the estimates on the number of housing needed to sustain the areas growth is blown out of proportion just to achieve the necessary status to construct such a project. Insiders on Hong Kong’s growth say the city needs to prepare for a population rise from 7.3 million to 9 million residents by the year 2043. Interestingly noted by Lam Chiu Ying, writer for the South China Morning Post, “Where will these 9 million come from? Young couples today are not having as many babies as before. In fact, the latest official projection by the Census and Statistics Department is that the population will peak at 8.22 million in 2043, which is some 800,000 fewer than the 9 million cited in the 2030 Plus blueprint” (SCMP, 2018). As the proposed 1,000-hectare Lantau Tomorrow Plan is expected to house a comfortable 700,000 people, many against the build point to the spare capacity for housing on-land rather than created land… in their argument – what more than a 2,200-hectare project?

许多怀疑者认为，仅仅为了达到建设这样一个项目的必要地位，对维持该地区增长所需住房数量的估计就被夸大了。了解香港经济增长的内部人士表示，香港需要为2043年人口从730万增至900万做好准备。有趣的是，南华早报记者林指出，“这900万人来自哪里？如今的年轻夫妇没有以前那么多孩子了。事实上，人口普查局最新的官方预测是，2043年人口将达到峰值822万，比2030年以后蓝图中引用的900万人少80万左右”。由于拟议的1000公顷大屿山明日计划预计将容纳70万人，因此许多人反对建造该计划，他们指出在土地上建造房屋的剩余容量，而不是在新建土地上建造房屋……在他们的论点中，还有什么比2200公顷的项目更重要？

Opponents have argued that Hong Kong needs a land reserve, but continuing the idea of such a massive reclamation project does not stand up to scrutiny since the population is consensually agreed upon to decline after the year 2043 and such long-lasting environmental affects, depleted fiscal reserves, and drastically shifted native lives has resulted in conflict; these opponents look for on-land building that will be looked at as more than an insider development to create potentially massive profits with the ability to house the same needed number of people at a much lower cost for the user and the creator. Alternative land supply solutions, like the hundreds of hectares of brownfield sites in the New Territories, were not progressed further, simply because the government would not risk offending the vested interests that prop them up.

反对者认为，香港需要土地储备，但继续进行如此大规模的填海工程的想法经不起审查，因为人们一致同意2043年后人口将减少，而这种长期的环境影响、耗尽的财政储备和急剧改变的当地生活导致了冲突；这些反对者寻求的土地建筑将被视为不仅仅是一个内部开发，以创造潜在的巨大利润，并能够以低得多的成本为用户和创建者提供相同数量的所需人员。其他土地供应解决方案，如新界数百公顷的棕地，没有取得进一步进展，只是因为政府不会冒得罪支撑它们的既得利益者的风险。

Issues of control 控制问题

The fact that the project will create Hong Kong’s third central business district (CBD) also means it will be a considerable source of revenue for the government, apart from easing the pressure on the existing two CBDs (in terms of demand for office space), while allowing homes to thousands of new residents as well. A public-private partnership is a leading option, out of many, being considered to raise adequate wealth for the expensive project. A US$64.1 million funding request is soon to be sent to the legislature to take feasibility studies further on phase one of the project (phase one completion: 2032; total completion & open to residents: 2043). Residents and activists fear that induced climate change will bring more unpredictability to the area and would not bode well for such a flood-prone investment in respect to the affordable housing. Many politicians and groups working on the future project are overlooking the small mindset of the native residents on the island. The main Lantau Island originally started to gain traction as a habitual piece of land in the early 1990’s where many were seeking clean air, a tight-knit community, and the affordable housing landscape still present to this day.

该项目将创建香港第三个中央商务区（CBD），这一事实也意味着它将成为政府的一个可观的收入来源，除了缓解现有两个中央商务区的压力（就办公空间需求而言），同时也让数千名新居民拥有住房。在许多选择中，公私合作是一个主要的选择，可以为这个昂贵的项目筹集足够的财富。不久将向立法机构提交6410万美元的资金申请，以进一步开展项目第一阶段的可行性研究（第一阶段竣工：2032年；总竣工和向居民开放：2043年）。居民和活动家担心，诱发的气候变化将给该地区带来更多的不可预测性，这对于在经济适用房方面进行如此容易发生洪水的投资来说不是一个好兆头。许多致力于未来项目的政治家和团体忽视了岛上当地居民的小心态。20世纪90年代初，大屿山原本是一块惯常的土地，许多人在那里寻求清洁的空气、紧密的社区和至今仍存在的经济适用房景观。

Against the powerful insiders and the government, itself, the giant reclamation project has groups like White Elephant City, Tycoon Island, and Insanity Reef continuingly pressing rhetoric at organized protests in opposition to the Lantau Tomorrow plan. Demonstrating has become a risky business in Hong Kong, so more than 5,000 people don’t give up their precious Sunday unless they feel passionately about an issue. The East Lantau reclamation policy has certainly ignited genuine widespread public fury and indignation. These days, non-compliance in Hong Kong can mean imprisonment, loss of career, public humiliation and restricted travel opportunities (              Kuo, 2018) – intensifying the governments control on the issue.

面对权势内部人士和政府本身，大型填海工程有白象城、大亨岛和疯狂礁等团体，他们在有组织的抗议活动中不断施压，反对大屿山明日计划。在香港，示威已经成为一项风险很大的业务，因此5000多人不会放弃他们宝贵的星期天，除非他们对某个问题有激情。东大屿山填海政策确实激起了公众广泛的愤怒和愤慨。如今，香港的违规行为可能意味着被监禁、失去职业、公众羞辱和旅行机会受限，这强化了政府对这一问题的控制。

power and cooperation 权力与合作

Through the Communist Party’s control, The Peoples Republic of China is broken into legislative, executive, judicial, and military compromising branches. Including the Urban Planning departments, the government is characterized by a top down approach where the governing heads have almost all say in the decision-making process. In connection with New World, Henderson Development co., Hang Lung, etc., and the Chief Executive herself, the Chinese government has really no pushback besides the relatively small activists’ groups and scholars whom have resulted to protests. Included parties surley involve the residents on several outlying islands, including Lantau, but in a heavily top-down government small voices are almost always overlooked especially in such an ill-structured manner. The ones whom have say in this instance are only hindered by the amount of wealth able to be allocated to the project.

Assignment范文中提到通过共产党的领导，中华人民共和国被划分为立法、行政、司法和军事部门。包括城市规划部门在内，政府的特点是采取自上而下的方式，在决策过程中，管理层几乎都有发言权。关于新世界、恒基发展、恒隆等，以及特首本人，除了相对较小的活动人士团体和引发抗议的学者外，中国政府真的没有退缩。包括大屿山在内的多个离岛的居民都参与其中，但在一个自上而下的政府中，小声音几乎总是被忽视，尤其是在这种结构不良的情况下。在这种情况下，那些有发言权的人只会受到能够分配给该项目的财富数量的阻碍。本站提供各国各专业Assignment写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。