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简要分析生物柴油和生物燃料的经济学论文 为了在石油和天然气传统供应商不稳定性不断增加的背景下减少对传统能源的依赖性，包括罗马尼亚在内的欧盟成员国将使用替代能源获取能量作为一项基本目标。在这种背景下，为了达到20-20-20计划，融入社会经济领域需要罗马尼亚在这方面拥有具体的目标。本文简要分析生物能源生产对经济和社会的影响,特别是一般情况下，生物柴油对欧洲经济，尤其是罗马尼亚经济的影响。 关键词:生物燃料、生物柴油、生物乙醇、能源政策、社区空间 凝胶的分类:Q42 Q57 在确保经济的背景下，确定不同可再生能源角色和地位的方法需要从三个角度来分析问题:效率(包括经济、社会和生态)，环境影响和最重要的可持续性。能源自身的属性是任何经济体的发展的一个因素，同时，对确定新的并且安全可持续资源需求的复制速度也是经济体发展的因素之一。 A Brief Analysis Of Biodiesel And Biofuels Economics Essay Getting energy from alternative sources is for EU Member including Romania, a fundamental objective intended for reducing dependence from traditional energy sources in the context of increasing degree of instability oil and gas classical suppliers. In this context, the integration into Community Economic Area requires specific objectives in this respect from Romania in order to achieve the 20-20-20 Plan. This paper makes a brief analysis of economic and social implications of bioenergy production as it has, particularly that of biodiesel on the European economy in general and on the Romanian, especially. Key words: biofuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, energy policy, Community space JEL Classification: Q42, Q57 Introduction The diversity of approaches concerning the role and the place of renewable energies in the context of ensuring economy, requires analyzing issues from a triple perspective: efficiency (both economic and social and ecological), environmental impact and not least, sustainability. Energy by its nature is a factor in the evolution of any economy, a printing speed of the need to identify new and safe sources sustainable at the same time. The use of biofuel in the economy shows an accelerating effect of economic activities for developing new technologies through investment, which bring about jobs and budgetary financial resources for sustainable development of the entire economy especially. The impact on the economy developed and on the environment as well is significant. The production biofuels encourages the orientation towards the fund research and development activities, which are capable to bring high crude added to any economy. Although these effects previously stated function as economic multipliers, the issue of biofuels should be understood in its fullness and not just in this context, favorable to those developed economies. The observance of the principles of sustainable human development presumes some approaches oriented towards the gratification of the needs of a society in continuous diversification of social needs which must be fulfilled. Being in constant need of resources, energy is no exception to the law of scarcity of resources, if it is seen and understood as a resource in a modern sense. The production of biofuel, biodiesel and bioethanol in particular was developed to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, with a growing wall of instability. Thus “once the oil began to require that the main energy source in the early twentieth century, covered the production consumption worldwide, regardless of its growth rate. Even during the oil crisis it was not about chronic failure but deliberate reduction of production and limit access to oil. It is true, those moments reminded the world that sooner or later oil will run out, bringing into question the correlation between oil and development.” [1] The developementof the alternative energy sources including the diversification of the renewable policy involves building a sustainable, fully geared to meet both the requirements and standards of environmental and ecological efficiency, but most importantly, meet the criteria of social efficiency. Framing energy policy in the production of biodiesel to the general objectives of socio-economic policy must materialize steps to sustainability of production through the reallocation of surplus resources to this area only in terms of ensuring food safety. Therefore it is considered that ”advertising of the renewable energies is a matter related to the potential of each country. Currently, carbon dioxide emissions in acceding and candidate countries are not considered alarming. Therefore, it should not be considered necessary an aggressive policy to promote renewables in this group, mainly because investment efforts on upgrading conventional power plants can lead to keeping the same structure of energy production for the next 30 years [2] ”. Making a production of biodiesel without the regard to conditions specific national cultural model can not produce positive effects on the economy just an inefficient relocation of production capital. From this perspective it is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of adopting these solutions as well aa the implications they have on the environment or cultural model of production structure. The changes over the years to model consumer enrgetic made more necessary the reorientation of states towards new energy sources that can contribute to reducing dependence on conventional resources. As shown in a document of European Commission “The EU currently imports 53% of primary energy they consume. Import dependence is 40% for solid fuels, 56% for gas and oil 82% (2005 figures). Baseline Commission updated in 2007, projected for 2030 a total rate of 67% import dependency. Under the second strategic energy review is expected that in 2020 imports of fossil fuels to maintain approximately the current level once the EU policies on climate and energy will be fully implemented”. [3] Multitude of steps envisaged to reduce the effects of energy dependence on classical sources led to development of technologies used in production of biofuels, their widespread use in transportation by promoting the establishment obligativity 10% share in the fuel additive or classic fiscal measures aimed at exemption from excise duty on such products. [4] Production of biofuels is considered being in close relation to the energy sector. “However the option for producing biofuels and especially resources used in their production, have been analyzed more in terms of environmental impact and society, that in terms of economic efficiency. If to the latter we add effects on the agrifood sector, the shift in the energy production, biofuel production decision is becoming increasingly tough. So, according to a study by the Joint Research Centre European Commission, concerning the use of biomass in power generation and road fuel modern biomass energy plants are almost as efficient as plants operating with fossil fuels, so to produce heat and electricity, a megajoule (MJ) of biomass replaced approximately 0.95 MJ of fossil energy. The energy efficiency to convert biomass into liquid fuels for transportation usually ranges from only 30-40%. 1 MJ of biomass replaced as only approximately from 0.35 to 0.45 MJ oil transport” [5] . From this perspective the production of biofuels using biomass is economically inefficient, but its effects on the environment (ecological efficiency) recorded a positive aspect. Placed as the confluence of economic efficiency - environmental effectiveness, biofuels must cut into their favor positive effects. Not always the analysis in terms of production cost and profit earned should be a priority. Positive effects should be considered as a whole and not just those that express themselves financially. In this context recorded progress is important in the use of biofuels in the EU 2003-2005. (See Table 1) Source: European Commission progress report on the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the EU Member States, COM (2006) 845 final and national reports under the biofuels directive Promoting production and the use of biofuels in the EU economic space was based on a focused policy of increasing substitution of fuel and energy resources generally in the context of reducing dependence on conventional energy resources, mostly imported of geopolitical space with high risk of instability. That trend is reflected in the use of biofuels policies and national efforts in the field, but also draw a Community target through a national regulatory and legal oblicatorie. According to data presented in Table 1, if biofuels in 2003 held the 0.5% weighting in use at EU level, two years later, doubled (1%) due to measures taken at Community space, you should see an increase 50% each year in the period under review, reaching as in 2005 to 1.4%. Thus early described interval biocumbustibililor use more of a disbelief in promoting them as secure fuel sources and fuel substitution in classics, only some states inrgestirau trust them were Czech Republic (1.09%), Sweden (1.32%), France (0.67%),and Italy (0.50%). In this context Germany confirm status of a country that promotes biofuels (especially biodiesel) as an alternative source of fuel substitution and classical. Thus, in Chart No. 1 is presented the evolution of national indicative targets for the share of biofuels, 2006-2010. Chart No.1 Evolution of national indicative targets for biofuel share, 2006-2010 Source: Own processing based on COM (2006) 845 end database and Eurostat, 2010, available at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu, accesed on: 02/12/2010#p#分页标题#e# The energy production must be the main source of biomass energy crops and waste, and not, as it works now in Romania as they ground the resources allocated land for food production for humans. Although throughout this period are increasing production of energy products (energy, heat, fuels) with biomass as raw material and desurile, these efforts have not yet reached its potential. The perspectives analyzed above presented approaches is necessary reorientation of bioenergy production, including biodiesel and bioethanol in the case whose main sources of raw materials used in production are the crops of canola, sunflower for biodiesel or wine and other drinks in the vineyard and winemaking industry to obtain ethanol. In the table below is presented the evolution of renewable energy production obtained from biomass and waste, some European countries in 1997-2007 period. Production of bioenergy and biomass obtained from biomass and waste recorded over the period a significant increase through If in 1997 production meant that 58.998 million tonnes, ten years later it increased by 60% to 96.179 million tones out the Community. The existence of significant increases for all States listed in the table above is eloquent. The dynamic structure of this production has technological and innovative utilization of engeneering in making bioenergy. As is apparent from the data presented in Table 2, for Romania energy production from renewable sources such as biomass and waste is maintained throughout the period considered around the figure of 33,000 tonnes / year, comparative production with that of countries such as Austria or Spain. In this context, ”the need to promote renewable energy in Europe was felt long ago because of its large-scale exploitation contribute significantly to slowing climate change that began to be felt increasingly in recent years because that will significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In the same time the necessity to opt rapidly for renewable energy is necessary in the context of sustainable development, it can help creating a society based primarily on knowledge which give rise to new jobs and contribute to economic growth focusing on competitiveness and regional and rural development” [6] . Biodiesel production for developed countries is an alternative to replace traditional energy sources and fuels crises which manifest in global energy supply sector, but also to reduce dependence on other countries. In this context, biodiesel can be a competitive substitute for traditional diesel. The table No. 3 is presents the evolution of biodiesel production in some European countries and the world, but in the U.S. for the period 2000-2008. As reflected in the table above global biodiesel production is unevenly distributed. It can be observed a production centralization in states with developed economies like Germany, whose production in 2008 (54.99361 thousands barrels / day) is 13 times higher than in 2000, considered as the reference year. For France the situation is somewhat similar, registering a growth of production in 2008 compared to 2000 for seven times. Biodiesel production recorded significant growth in the period analyzed, 2000-2008 for all states listed in Table No.3. Compulsory production of biodiesel has operated since 2007 for Romania as well. Contained in European plans to develop biofuels, Romania must develop and produce quantities of biodiesel to the limits imposed by the European documents. This production has not been developed, as in the other countries lack sources of energy and substitution of the classical need some alternatives, but the Community criteria requirement. Over the period 2006-2008, Romania’s production has increased 8 times that of 0200 bbl / day in the year 2006-1600 barrels per day in 2008. This significant increase, lead Romania to fit into the general trend traced Community space to achieve plnaului 20-20-20, although production is relatively low compared to European production. This significant increase, lead Romania to fit into the general trend traced Community space to achieve plnaului 20-20-20, although production is relatively low compared to European production. The general approach to identify new opportunities to replace those fuels with renewables classics besides biodiesel, another candidate is the bioethanol equivalent conventional gasoline. Table no. 4 presents the bioethanol production in some European countries for 2007. Share this product biofuels total production varies from country to country. Across Europe bioethanol is ¼ of the entire production of biofuels, ie 51,300 barrels of total production of 214.2 days. thousand barrels per day. In all European countries to produce ethanol as an alternative source of conventional gasoline-specific trends to identify two countries that are turning in increasing the degree of substitution and those which did not develop production of ethanol. This situation may be due to both technology especially costly production process that makes this production not to enroll, in economic terms, the classical criteria of economic efficiency. As result of the data presented in Table No. 4, states such as Croatia, Denmark, Norway Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia are not recorded at the 2007 production of bioethanol and the other side of bioethanol production is focused on three European countries, namely Germany (9900 barrels per day out of 64 900 barrels / day), France (14,400 bbl / day of total 49,800 barrels per day) and Spain (5,400 barrels / day of total 12 100 barrels daily). Bioethanol is an opportunity for these countries best response to rising fuel prices at classic-gas, which produced changes in orientation towards the production of biofuels, with near production costs, bringing the break-even production of the latter. According to Renewable Energy Progress Report, the ESC “Net imports of bioethanol increased from 171 kilotonnes in 2005 to 397 kilotonnes in 2007, and the share of domestic production of biodiesel has decreased. In terms of biodiesel, the EU trade balance positive as 2005 (355 kilotonnes exported) was negative in 2007 (1.8 Mt of imported biodiesel). A major cause of this change was the lowest price of soybean oil methyl ester from the U.S. and ethanol produced from sugar cane in Brazil and Argentina.” [7]all European countries to produce ethanol as an alternative source of conventional gasoline-specific trends to identify two countries that are turning in increasing the degree of substitution and those which did not develop production of ethanol. This situation may be due to both technology especially costly production process that makes this production not to enroll, in economic terms, the classical criteria of economic efficiency. As result of the data presented in Table No. 4, states such as Croatia, Denmark, Norway Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia are not recorded at the 2007 production of bioethanol and the other side of bioethanol production is focused on three European countries, namely Germany (9900 barrels per day out of 64 900 barrels / day), France (14,400 bbl / day of total 49,800 barrels per day) and Spain (5,400 barrels / day of total 12 100 barrels daily). Bioethanol is an opportunity for these countries best response to rising fuel prices at classic-gas, which produced changes in orientation towards the production of biofuels, with near production costs, bringing the break-even production of the latter. According to Renewable Energy Progress Report, the ESC “Net imports of bioethanol increased from 171 kilotonnes in 2005 to 397 kilotonnes in 2007, and the share of domestic production of biodiesel has decreased. In terms of biodiesel, the EU trade balance positive as 2005 (355 kilotonnes exported) was negative in 2007 (1.8 Mt of imported biodiesel). A major cause of this change was the lowest price of soybean oil methyl ester from the U.S. and ethanol produced from sugar cane in Brazil and Argentina.” As stated in this document the European Commission, the effects of biofuel production were generated in the agricultural sector the raw materials being imported from USA, Brazil and Argentina by targeting these countries to energy crop production. So it can be observedan intensification energy production at the expense of the food, which does not always produce positive effects on the population by reducing food resources located at its disposal. Conclusions A proposed biofuel debate all the issues relating not only to environmental effects, especially the impact it has on agricultural production structure by shifting cultivation with significant implications for food safety of the population. It therefore requires an analysis of both ecological and especially of social and economic efficiency. It can not be ignored or limited the nature of traditional energy resources, as well as increase the degree of their substitution with new resources in terms of diversification of energy needs. Biodiesel may become an effective substitute for replacement of diesel consumption for those economies that promote new energy technologies, by making massive investments in this sector can contribute to job growth related to the sector. The promotion of biodiesel must be done so in the context of wider social and efficiency not only of needs and objectives imposed by political and legal acts. Achieving such objectives by ignoring the effects on agricultural model, and how the standard of living and exaggerating the beneficial effects on the environment will cause serious economic and social imbalances. |
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