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Leadership品质举例，更新：写leadership经验总结（由留学生作业网提供整理）
我给同学改文章时,发现大家常常不知道如何升华自己的learning about leadership，写来写去就是坚韧、尊重别人等等……其实leadership的维度很广，层次很深。如下文所述，对leadership的反思，是文章中最关键的message，你所写的action应该充分反映这些message。 这些反思要深刻，要到点子上。
所以我从一些关于leadership的论文中摘录一些"leadership"的品质。举一些例子，所谓一个好的leader，他/她应该是怎样的。
建议大家也可以自己做research。例如，你认为confidence很重要，你的优秀品质之一是confident。你可以google一下英文的论文，confidence是什么、来源是什么，对自己和团队有什么影响，为什么一个confident的人更能成为好的leader，一个好的leader好何帮助别人建立confident。这样，如果你写essay时，讲了自己如何帮助别人建立confident的故事，就会成为一篇有深度的essay。
但是，不要生搬硬套。文章的整体逻辑要真实流畅，就是你的反思让人一读，就觉得是可以从这件事情中得到的。
我必须再一次强调，essay is the most critical part of your application, and the understanding of leadership is the critical of the critical。
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关于leadership品质的一些总结。我要强调，不要生搬硬套，自己要反思自己到底学到了什么，怎样才算是一个好的leader。（可以这样问问自己，如果我老板有这样的品质，我是否愿意跟着他干。]
Inspirational Motivation: encouraging commitment to shared goals, creating a compelling vision of the future, making work meaningful, and displaying enthusiasm and optimism about employees’ potential
Intellectual stimulation: challenging employees to think differently and in more complex ways by questioning assumptions, encouraging creativity, framing mistakes as learning opportunities, and reframing problems
Individualized consideration: giving employees personalized attention and facilitating their growth and development
Idealized influence: acting with consistency, transparency, determination, and persistence to earn the respect, admiration and trust of employees
Improve communication
•Becoming more aware of your own thinking and reasoning (REFLECTION)
•Making your thinking and reasoning more visible to others (ADVOCACY)
•Inquiring into others’ thinking and reasoning (INQUIRY)
1. Integrate cooperation and competition
- Cooperation is the foundation of teamwork, though internal competition can improve team performance
- Internal competition creates energy and a drive to improve, and acknowledges that if internal competition is not brought out in the open, it will create problems when driven underground
- Best forms of internal competition
o When competition benefits the individual and the team
o When competition is intense during practice, but minimal during games
o When competition is for playing time, but not scoring opportunities
2. Orchestrate Some Early Wins
- Teams that start out with success, build confidence/cohesion and aspire for more success
o Also affects environment: successful teams attract better resources, information, feedback and assignments
- How to design early wins
o Carve larger tasks into smaller tasks.
o Choose early tasks that are easy
o Choose early tasks where success is concrete and unambiguous
o Manager should call attention to successes
3. Break out of losing streaks
- Losing streaks create downward cycles that are difficult to stop
- How to break out of a losing streak
o Define the cause of the losses as controllable (ie we can win) as opposed to uncontrollable (we are unable to change what is causing us to lose)
o Focus the groups’ attention on items that they can control
What Team Leaders Can Do to Prevent Self-Limiting Behaviors
注： Self-limiting指团队中有成员不太engage，因为比方说团队中有的人太强势，或他们不够自信，或者他们觉得自己meanless。
- Before the meeting beings
o Choosing the right mix of team members
Reduce importance of status (since low-status members defer to high-status)
Limit size of teams (large teams suffer from lack of accountability, reduce potential for meaningful contribution)
o Framing the team task
People are more engaged when they understand the importance of the decision
People increase participation when competing responsibilities are deprioritized
Participation increases when goals are clear, consistent and specific
- During the meeting
o Setting the tone for the meeting
At first meeting, define process norms which will guide the team’s actions
Setting (ie business as usual v. retreat) affects tone
o Monitoring the process
Team leader needs to balance role of leader and facilitator in order to encourage group effort
Discouraging pre-mature evaluation of ideas during brainstorming reduces self-limiting behaviors
If one idea or team member dominates the discussion, other members self-limit
• Team leader needs to promote participation from everyone
• Sometimes, teams benefit from “second chance” meetings to discuss ideas that occurred after the first meeting
o Encouraging self-management by team members
Educate team members about effective team practice, especially when leader cannot be present
- After the meeting
o When team members do not see visible action from their recommendation, they are more likely to self-limit in the future
If the team’s decision was not accepted, the leader must provide rationale
o Team leaders should provide individual feedback concerning behavior and contributions, and seek to discover the source of problems
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