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Executive Summary执行概要
具体而言，碳税对家庭成本、澳大利亚商业的外部环境有着显著的影响。政府在管理有效的领导，以及处理个人和公司的阻力方面有很好的运作。The main purpose of this report is to analyze the impact of carbon tax in Australia, as well as how Australian governments try to manage it and cope with resistance. Specifically, the carbon tax exerts significant influences on the household costs, and the external environment of Australia business. The governments have operated well in managing effective leadership, as well as handling the resistance of both individuals and companies.
1. Overview of the Carbon Tax and Its Implications in Australia.碳税的概述及其对澳大利亚的启示
三百公司，谁生产的最高污染，需要通过碳税，以弥补一个$23温室气体的每吨他们释放（BBC2012）。税收的目的是负责气候变化。它将帮助减少温室气体的排放与有效性和效率。此外，它将鼓励可再生能源供应的创新。最终，碳税有望缓解澳大利亚对化石燃料的严重依赖。逐渐的温室气体的更排放已对全球变暖和气候变化的贡献，而主要的障碍，以减少温室气体的排放是故障控制碳释放。无论是引入碳税或不是，它是澳大利亚一个关键的问题，谁是人均全世界最高的发射器之一。Three hundred firms, who produce the highest pollution, are required by the carbon tax to compensate A$ 23 for every tonne of greenhouse gases they release (BBC 2012). The goal of the tax is to be responsible for the climate change. It will assist to reduce the release of greenhouse gases with effectiveness and efficiency. Furthermore, it will encourage innovations in renewable energy supply. Eventually, the carbon tax is expected to alleviate Australia’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Gradually more emissions of greenhouse gas have contributed to the global warming or climate change, whereas the primary obstacle to lessen greenhouse gas emissions is the failure to control the carbon release. Whether to introduce the carbon tax or not, it is a critical question for Australia, who is among the highest emitter per capita all over the world.
据美国广播公司新闻（2009年），有七个源在澳大利亚的温室气体。这些都是废物，工业加工，组织排放，运输，不含电，电力固定能源，以及农业（图1）。在这些源中，电力占用的温室气体排放的大部分（36％）。农业，交通和固定能源无电的第二大来源，分别占16％，15％，总排放量的16％。According to ABC news (2009), there are seven sources for greenhouse gases in Australia. These are waste, industrial processes, fugitive emissions, transport, stationary energy excluding electricity, electricity, as well as agriculture (Figure 1). Among these sources, the electricity takes up the most part (36%) of greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture, transport and stationary energy without electricity are second highest sources, taking up 16%, 15%, and 16% of the total emissions respectively.
It is true that the introduction of carbon tax would improve Australian environment, as the major destination of the tax is to decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases. Take the transport department as an instance. From the year of 1990 to 2005, greenhouse gases released from this department had a stable increasing trend (Table 1, Tourism & Transport Forum, 2011). However, the carbon tax imposed would raise costs for these transport vehicles.
Nevertheless, carbon tax also has its positive impacts on Australian economy in the long run. To further implement the carbon tax, Australia government would invest in some firms and research institutes. These firms and institutes focus on the use of renewable resources. Therefore, more job opportunities would be created.
2. Evaluation of Effective Strategic Leadership of the Current Australian Government in Tackling the Carbon Tax当前澳大利亚政府的有效的战略领导力的评价应对碳税
Figure 2 shows the elements for effective strategic leadership. Australian governments introduce the carbon tax to cope with the climate change, and try to protect the environment from greenhouse gases. They proposed the carbon tax to charge for carbon emission to reach this goal. By imposing this tax and releasing public-interest ads, Australia government will create a national culture for low-carbon concept, and appeal to the public to protect the environment. In addition, they also provide some financial assistance to some companies and individuals. This would help them to maintain a stable relationship with the public. Australia governments also put great emphasis on the ethical aspects of the carbon tax, indicating that they impose the carbon tax to provide a better environment for the public. They also accentuate that companies should be responsible for their emissions of greenhouse gases. The governments force certain companies to pay for release of greenhouse gases, while providing financial assistance. Through these approaches, they will balance their controls on the implementation of this tax. All in all, the government adopted several approaches to help conduct the carbon tax. Those approaches with clear destinations would help to maintain a strong national culture for low-carbon life, and facilitate them to keep harmonic relationships with the public. Thus, Australian governments indeed perform a comparable effective strategic leadership.
Source: Based on Wallman, J P 2010, ‘Strategic transactions and managing the future: A druckerian perspective’, Management Decision, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 485-99; Zand, D E 2010, ‘Drucker’s Strategic thinking process: Three key techniques’, Strategy & Leadership, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 23-8; and Ireland, R D 1999, ‘Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership’, Academy of Management Executive, February, pp. 43-57.
3. Impact on Australian Households Increases in Cost澳大利亚家庭的影响增加成本
According to new Treasury analysis, the carbon tax would cause additional expenditure of $863. This mainly comes from the higher price for food, gas, electricity, as well as fuels (Arup 2011). Specifically, the electricity costs for the average household are estimated to reach$4.20, and gas costs are predicted to be $2.20 a week. For petrol costs, they would reach $3.60, and food costs are estimated to be $1.70 (Arup 2011). The augmentation in costs would inevitably lead to families in Australian to lessen expenditures on luxury products or activities.
4. Impact of Carbon Tax on the External Environment of Australian Businesses碳税对澳大利亚企业的外部环境的影响
The external environment involves two aspects: specific environment and general environment (Kweku 1981).
4.1 The Impact of Carbon Tax on Specific Environment of Australia Business
Specific environment includes factors that will directly affect the accomplishment of a company’s aims (). These factors are suppliers, customers, competitors, government agencies as well as public pressure groups.
A) Suppliers
The carbon tax would exert critical impact on the transport department, increasing the costs for transportation. As the delivery of tangible materials would partly depend on the transportation, prices for those materials would boost in the short run. In the long run, new form of energy with comparable low price might be widely adopted, and the transport costs might be reduced. Therefore, the introduction of carbon tax would negatively influence the relationships between suppliers and businesses of Australia in the short run. However, these problems might be solved by the emergence of new energy in the long run.
B) Customers
Since the carbon tax would impose extra fees for the emissions of greenhouse gases, the companies would transfer those added costs to the price of their products and services. As such, consumers would have to pay more for these products and services. For instance, household expenditure on the electricity and fuel would increase due to the raised costs of firms. According to Kovac (2012), average household expenditure are predicted to rise by about $10 each week on July 2012, and this figure would further rise to $13.40 each week by the year of 2015. Therefore, the introduction of carbon tax would negatively affect the relationships between customers and businesses.
C) Competitors
Carbon tax would mostly affect those businesses that would release large quantity of greenhouse gases during production process. Nonetheless, for those who can employ the renewable energies, they might be less influenced by the tax. Thus, the letter companies would provide products or services at comparable low prices to attract more customers. Finally, for Australia’s business, those who heavily depend on procedures that release quantities of greenhouse gases would perform worse that those who apply new renewable energies.#p#分页标题#e#
D) Government Agencies
To cope with the negative impact of carbon tax on businesses, Australian government establishes a federal agency named Clean Energy Future. It will provide financial help for small companies. For instance, it will offer grants to companies under the $40 million Energy Efficiency Information Grants Program, and provide grants for firms or institutes who endeavors to improve energy efficiency or do research on renewable energy (Small Business Development Cooperation 2012).
E) Public Pressure Groups.
The head of Greenpeace argues that Australia should put enough emphasis on the climate change, and this public pressure group is totally in favor of carbon tax. They insist that big polluters should be responsible for their bill of carbon tax (Greenpeace n.d.).
To sum up, for the specific external environment of Australia’s business, the trend is not positive. Carbon tax burdens the living costs of customers, the costs for transportation of suppliers, and direct or indirect operating costs of companies. Even though the government provides some financial help for small companies, such help is far from enough to improve the overall conditions faced by Australian businesses. Besides, the public pressure group that is supportive of carbon tax also puts pressure on those businesses.
4.2 The Impact of Carbon Tax on General Environment of Australia Business
General environment includes broad factors which might not be under the control of businesses, and might have indirect influences on these businesses. These factors are political conditions, economic factors, sociocultural influences, technological factors, as well as legal and global issues.
A) Political Conditions
Fewer jobs will be provided by the introduction of carbon tax. Specifically, the energy company might decrease their cost by cutting salaries or even firing employees (Ferguson 2012). Furthermore, as mentioned before, prices of goods and services will continuously go up, partly because of the rising costs for production and transportation (Siriwardana et al. 2011). Thus, higher living cost combined with job crisis would lead to an unstable political condition. This condition would negatively affect Australia businesses.
B) Economic Factors
Apart from the obvious benefits for environment, the carbon tax also exerts significant influence on the Economy in Australia. The introduction of carbon tax would inevitably affect businesses that are responsible for the major emissions of greenhouse gases. Power companies, including energy companies, aircraft firms, steel companies, would be directly impacted by the carbon tax (Table 2). The negative influence would be especially obvious for small firms, and some may even cut jobs or reduce payments for their employees. In addition, the increasing costs for firms would raise domestic fuel bills, leading to the high costs of living for Australian residents (Table 3).
Table 2: Final Price Augmentations for the 10 Most Affected Industries
C) Sociocultural l factors
The implementation of carbon tax would encourage people to take part in carbon-free activities. It will also make people pay more attention to the issues of environment protection. As such, people will purchase less production related to the heavy emissions of greenhouse gases.
D) Technological Factors
The carbon tax would urge companies to find new energy to substitute polluting energies. The government might also invest more to the research on the technology to lessen the emission of greenhouse gases. As a result, in the long run, new technology would be offered to provide more environmental resources and products.
All in all, the carbon tax would make people recognize the importance of protecting environment. In the short run, the tax would deteriorate the economic conditions of Australia, and influence the stability of politic conditions. All of these will bring negative influences on Australian businesses. Nonetheless, in the long run, it would bring about new technology, and it would be beneficial for Australian businesses.
5. Analysis of the Australian Government’s Effort in Tackling Resistance to Change澳大利亚政府在解决有力出力更改分析
There is a trend for individual is to resist change (Audia & Sebastien 2007). This mainly due to the uncertainty the change brings, the habit that is hard to alter, the concern about personal loss, as well as the conviction that the change is not the best choice. As such, sometimes an organization has to cope with resistance to change. The ways in which Australia governments deal with resistance to the carbon tax are shown in table 4.
From these above analysis, it is obvious that Australian governments do not adopt approaches that will include these opponents to their plan. They will neither negotiate with them nor let them take part in the process of implementing carbon tax. Nevertheless, Australian governments do provide financial assistance to individuals and businesses to compensate for the loss by carbon tax. They also try to hide the opposed voice by manipulating the mess media. Besides, trough advertising, they want to induce the public to positively view the carbon tax. Finally, for those who refuse to abbey the carbon tax, they will adopt coerce them to pay for it. The combined approaches to tackle resistance to the carbon tax would appease the dissatisfaction, while forcing those who refuse the tax to pay. In sum, the government has effectively dealt with the resistance to carbon tax to certain extent.
Reference文献
ABC news 2009, How Australia greenhouse gas emissions are produced, viewed 10 October 2012.
Arup, T 2011, Household carbon tax cost increases revealed, viewed 10 October 2012.
Audia, P G & Brion, S 2007, ‘Reluctant to change: Self-enhancing responses to diverging performance measures’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 102, iss. 2, pp. 255-269
BBC 2012, Australia introduces controversial carbon tax, BBC, viewed 10 October 2012.
Conspiracy Oz 2012, How the Australia carbon tax hurts families, Planet Infowars, viewed 10 October 2012,.
Citizens Climate Lobby n.d., Economic Impact of a Carbon Tax, viewed 10 October 2012.
Ferguson, J 2012, Carbon tax 'a threat to power jobs', says report, The Australia, viewed 10 October 2012.
Greenpeace n.d., Big polluters get their carbon tax bill, viewed 10 October 2012.
Ireland, R D 1999, ‘Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership’, Academy of Management Executive, February, pp. 43-57.
Kweku, E M 1981, ‘The external organizational environment and its impact on management information systems’, Organizations and Society, vol. 6, iss. 4, 1981, pp. 301-316.
Kovac, C 2012, Household costs: buying behavior key to carbon impact, viewed 10 October 2012.
Metcalf, G E 2007, A green employment tax swap: Using a carbon tax to finance payroll tax relief, The Brookings Institution and the World Resources Institute.
Siriwardana, M, Meng, S, & McNeill, J 2011, The impact of a carbon tax on the Australian economy: Results from a CGE model, viewed 10 October 2012.
Tourism & Transport Forum 2011, Carbon tax and tourism & travel –Trade and global warming exposed, viewed 10 October 2012.
Wallman, J P 2010, ‘Strategic transactions and managing the future: A druckerian perspective’, Management Decision, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 485-99.
Zand, D E 2010, ‘Drucker’s Strategic thinking process: Three key techniques’, Strategy & Leadership, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 23-8.
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