|
澳大利亚留学生通信历史和技术方面的英语本科课程作业范文提供Communication Histories and Technologies Essay Questions and Guidelines
什么是技术决定论?分析了一个技术决定论者的主张方法,参照特定通信技术的例子,本课程研究(即声音技术、摄影或打印)。
Topic:
What指导assignment is technological determinism? Analyze the claims of a technologically determinist approach with reference to examples of a particular communication technologassignment范文y studied in this course (i.e. sound technology, photography or print).
Introduction
Technological determinism argues that in the development process of the field of communication technology, technology is a decisive factor, coupled with the power of the Assignment指导网great scientists and engineers. On the contrary, through the research on the film, television production process, Winston found http://www.ukassignment.org/dxassignment/ that technology of course plays a significant role, but the emergence of new technologies is the result of the factors in social life, such as political, economic, financial, organizational, and cultural aspects, he calls this as "cultural determinism." He regards this complex of social and cultural factors as the decisive factor of new technologies.
This essay presents two interrelated issues: (1) how is the technology update in the field of mass communication produced? (2) what the impact of technology on mass media content and consequences? These two issues are linked, as these two issues discussed the relationship between technology and communication processes.
Narrative of technological determinism (A)
Raymond Williams wrote in 1974, technological determinism is very orthodox views on the nature of social change with giant energy giant in the moment. The internal inevitable process of technological research and development leads to the generation of new technologies, such research and development determine the social change and the basic situation of progress, especially the "progress" is the history to create inventions of modern society. The impact of technology, whether direct or indirect, foreseeable or unforeseeable, is to promote the development of history.
Technological determinism in its simplest form explains that the necessarily inherent in research and development process is the chronological biography of the scientists and engineers. This narrative believes that the impact of technological development on society is due to the "great man forward" (excluding women and non-whites). Here, a typical example is the brief history of film, which was written because of "great men forward."
The history lack of the great figures is not only eager to create a hero, and another key factor is the absolute insistence of the west-centered theory. For example, the chttp://www.ukassignment.org/dxassignment/ amera did not begin Della Potter, but the Arab astronomers at least 300 years ago, the Chinese in 121 BC there was a projected image. It reminds us that, even if the slide technique invented by the Europe was also learned from China by the Jesuits, Germany Cookie has nothing to do with this. Even without these, Della Potter more than a century before the Italian, may have a camera.
The errors of technological determinism on the innovative technologies of "Great man" can not be corrected just by deciding to write more easily understanding history. This technological development is virtually impossible to explain how to generate technological change, but can only tell us when to produce. Only useful explanation about how technological change occurs is because of their wisdom, those "great men" think the technology.
Narrative of technological determinism (B)
Film history regards the technical development as the inevitable result of scientific progress, is one of the outcomes by the accumulation of the knowledge of Western culture. This description reminds us that the independent camera, lens and slide can be made with in a slide projector. Then, the inevitable convergence of slide projectors and photos creates the film art.
Advent of sound film provides us with another example. Each spate of major technical events automatically triggers the next technological innovation, and each one is subject to the external factors and delay, such as World War I and industrial inertia, but finally ended in victory for the technology. Why in a particular time will generate technological change, from which to find important clues of technological change is a very complex issue. The materials and scientific knowledge needed for technological progress have been mastered, but the development of technical update did not occur, film history in this area is a good example.
So, we began to focus on things that affect the technology rather than technology, such as the First World War, the film industry's attitude. In the technological determinist view these are small things, but in the cultural determinist view these external factors are essential.
Case study
We use the view of economic history to see the use of sound in the movie and draw any conclusions by the comparison with the technological determinism. In this case, the major players (referring to participate in technological change) turn into the companies, but not a large company, the use of sound films is conducted between the companies.
In the mid-1920s, Warner Bros. is a small studio, which expands the company's operations by the loans from the Bank of New York, Goldman Sachs and other companies, and the money is mainly used for the construction of the cinema. Warner's biggest competitor is the vertical enterprise that can make movies and have movie theaters. The studio has a series of cinemas, so the production of the film came out and has a large market. http://www.ukassignment.org/dxassignment/ While those studios without their own cinemas are in very bad situation when releasing their filmed movies.
The changes in the invested funds in the film industry make the emergence of sound film possible. Such as the Warner, after intense internal debate, has the final decision up some adventure in career: an attempt to sound film to improve the company's market share. But it is not enough to just have a series of movie theaters, to attract viewers it has to offer something different.
(to be continue….)
|
