新西兰Analysis of text assignment：viwes of intelligence across

The text belongs to research paper, and its title gives a brief introduction to the overall text, which is retrieved from Intelligence across cultures. It can be easily understood that the text is mainly about the intelligence across culture. The first sentence in Paragraph A shows that people with different culture have different identifications and ideas about intelligence. So it can be concluded that the purpose of the text is to compare the difference between the people with different culture by making research. In this text, that cognitive styles have been developed in East Asian and Western cultures is introduced. 

The style of the text is written in formal format as academic text. The text is in a scientific way of thinking and draws scientific conclusions in the end. And there are a few pronouns in the whole text. In addition, respecting the structure of the text, it is very clear and well-organized. Also, the language of text is concise in general.

 

(ii) What are some key language elements of the text?文本的一些关键语言元素是什么？

本文旨在准确描述跨文化的智力观。对这一现象进行了分析研究。密歇根大学的Richard Nesbitt所做的研究（第b段）和Sternberg和Grogorenko所做的另一项研究都强烈支持本文所提到的观点。在文本中使用情态是为了流畅。在本文的D段中，can用于建议（学术情报可以发展…）。此外，被动倾向也经常出现在学术论文中。在学术文章中，大多数句子被称为被动句，因为作者希望客观地对待问题，而不是强调行为的主体。

The text is aimed at giving an exact description of the different views of intelligence across culture. Studies are made to analysis of the phenomenon. The study made by Richard Nesbitt of the University of Michigan (paragraph B) and another study made by Sternberg and Grogorenko all strongly support the view mentioned in the paper. And the use of modals in the text is vial for the fluency. In the paragraph D of text, can is used for recommendations (academic intelligence can develop…). In addition, passive tend often occurs in academic papers. In the academic articles, most of the sentences are called passive sentences, because the author wants to treat issues objectively, instead of putting emphasis on the body of the behaviors.

 

(iii) What pattern(s) of organization can you see in the text (eg listing, sequence, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution, extended definition)? What signal words can you find?您在文本中可以看到什么样的组织模式（例如列表、顺序、比较/对比、因果、问题/解决方案、扩展定义）？你能找到什么信号词？

准确地说，组织的主要模式是整体比较。通常，比较文本会根据主题的需要选择不同的目标。然后，对目标进行详细的研究和应用。然后收集所有的资源和数据进行分析。最后得出结论。过程主要如上所述。在文本、文化智慧观方面，他们选择不同的社区作为从亚洲到非洲的目标。很明显，不同的人对智力有不同的看法，特别是在不同的领域。

信号词有很多，如认知、智力等。智力观对认知能力有重要影响。可以通过测试来证明文化偏见的缺失。

To be exact, the main pattern of organization is comparison as a whole. Usually, the comparison text would choose different targets according to the demands of topic. And then, a detailed research scope will be made and applied to the targets. Then all the resources and data will be collected to analysis situation. Finally, a conclusion can be reached. The process is mainly as above. In terms of the text, view of intelligence of culture, they choose different communities as targets from Asia to Africa. It is obvious that different people have different opinions about the intelligence, especially in different areas. 

There are many signal words, such as, cognitive, intelligence and so on. The view of intelligence has an important impact on the cognitive ability. A test can be adopted to develop the absence of cultural bias.

(iv) What makes the text cohesive and coherent?是什么使文本具有凝聚力和连贯性？

关于凝聚力和连贯性的辩论持续了十年。但现在，仍有许多语言学家过分强调非结构衔接装置的功能。

衔接最初是出现在语篇分析中的一个基本术语，被认为是一个至关重要的问题。事实上，内聚部分是通过词汇和语法来表达的。因此，它可以分为两部分：词汇衔接和语法衔接。本文首先介绍第一段中的主题，重点介绍西方文化中的人们把智力作为个人的一种手段。从C段到D段，对研究进行了科学的讨论。最后一段主要讨论解决这一困境的方法。

在连贯性方面，文本具有两个方面的连贯性：一是在情境语境方面的连贯性，二是在文本中的连贯性。Fries（1983年）和Danes（1974年）总结了几个主题发展模式，这些模式可以用来解释文本是否连贯。此外，衔接将思想和句子结合起来。

The debate of cohesion and coherence last for decade. But now, there are still many linguists who overemphasize the function of nonstructural cohesion devices.

Cohesion originally appeared in discourse analysis a basic term, which is regarded as a vital issue. As a matter of fact, cohesion is expressed partly by vocabulary and grammar. Therefore, it can be divided into 2 parts: lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. The text begins with a introduction of the topic in paragraph A. paragraph focus on that people in western cultures regard intelligence as a means for individuals. From paragraph C to Paragraph D, the studies are discussed in a scientific way. The last paragraph mainly talks about the solution to the dilemma. 

In terms of coherence, a text is coherent in two aspects: it is coherent with respect to the situation context and therefore consistent in text. Fries (1983) &Danes (1974) abstracted several patterns of Thematic Progression which could be adopted to explain whether a text is coherent or not. In addition, cohesion combines ideas with sentences. 

In general, a text normally has register consistency, and it should fit a given set of features of situation. The text contains some degree of coherence in the actual meaning not only in the content but also in total selection from the semantic resources of the language. For example, the values and concepts are replaced (paragraph A) by cognition.   一般来说，文本通常具有寄存器一致性，并且它应该适合给定的一组情况特征。文本在实际意义上不仅在内容上具有一定的连贯性，而且在语言语义资源的整体选择上也具有一定的连贯性。例如，价值观和概念被认知所取代（A段）。

 

Overall总体

总之，本文是一个相当正式的研究论文的例子，其目的是介绍跨文化的智力观点，它围绕一个中心论文组织，并使用基于研究的见解。在本文中，有描述性的充分性和解释性的充分性来分析这些问题。此外，本文还充分运用了情态、被动倾向等。当人们下次写某种纸时，他们应该了解纸的类型，并将技术应用到纸上。

In all, the text is a reasonably formal example of research paper written to introduce the views of intelligence across culture, which is organized around a central thesis and uses insights based on the research. In the text, there are descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy to analysis the issues. In addition, author makes full use of modals, passive tend and so on in the text. When people write some kind of paper next time, they should understand the type of paper and apply techniques to the paper.