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Press Release新闻稿
2016年2月10日晚，BBC播放了一部西蒙·宾纳安乐死的纪录片，数百万人观看了该纪录片。这部纪录片引起了英国社会和世界对安乐死的极大关注和讨论（Alwakeel，2015年）。西蒙是一位英国百万富翁，毕业于剑桥大学，他精通四种语言，有自己的疗养院。在家人眼中，西蒙是一个很好很幽默的人，有很强的领导能力。然而，他的不幸发生在2014年1月。
In the evening of 10th February, 2016, BBC broadcasted a documentary about euthanasia of Simon Binner, which was watched by millions of people. This documentary led to great concern and discussion about euthanasia from the British society and the world (Alwakeel, 2015). Simon was known as a British millionaire who graduated from Cambridge University, he was fluent in four languages and had his own nursing home. In his family's eyes, Simon was a very good and humorous person with strong leadership. However, the misfortune of his life took place in January 2014.
那天，西蒙被诊断患有运动神经元疾病，这是一种导致人们大脑和肌肉虚弱的疾病。这种疾病的患者通常只有6个月到2年的生存时间。有人告诉西蒙，他会逐渐失去说话的能力，他的身体机能每天都会下降，逐渐失去照顾自己的能力，当他的呼吸肌肉衰竭时，他会走到生命的尽头。对西蒙来说，他事业成功，自尊心强，这成为他最不愿意接受的噩梦。
That day, Simon was diagnosed with motor neurone disease, which is a kind of disorder leading to weakness of people’s brain and muscle. Patients with this disease generally have only six months to two years of survival time. Simon was told that he would gradually lose the ability to speak, his bodily functions would decline every day and gradually lose the ability to take care of himself, when his breathing muscles were failed, he would go to the end of his life. For Simon who had a successful career and strong self-esteem, it became the nightmare that he was most reluctant to accept.
半年后，他的病情发展迅速，他口齿不清。所以在很多情况下，他不得不依靠打字机来“帮助”他说话。于是西蒙做出决定，他想在2015年11月2日在瑞士进行安乐死（安乐死在英国是非法的，2014年9月，英国议会投票否决了安乐死提议），那天是他的生日。他联系了瑞士一家从事安乐死的诊所，给医生发了一封电子邮件，描述了他的情况。然而，他的家人和朋友真的不能接受这个事实。在一次与两个朋友的聚会上，西蒙告诉他们他的计划，他的妻子黛比觉得这是不可接受的。西蒙说他的身体正在下坡，他的手开始不由自主地颤抖，他感到非常虚弱。这次聚会结束了，西蒙仍然坚持要去瑞士看医生。因为接受安乐死必须经过医生的医学面谈，医生需要与患者进行长时间的交谈，以评估患者的精神状态，从而确定这是他故意的选择而不是冲动。在这次采访中，他告诉医生他已经考虑过了，他希望安乐死结束他的生命。最后，医生说西蒙的情况符合他们的条件，他可以预约安乐死。这样，西蒙和医生有了最后的约会，他离开世界的最后一天定在11月2日，他的生日。在约定的日子里，在完成一系列手续后，医生给了西蒙一个开关，他只需要按下开关，麻醉剂比平时高出30倍，就会注射到他的体内。他将在30秒内失去知觉，4分钟内死亡。在打开开关之前，他拿出电话，让其他人播放他事先为妻子录制的录音。他描述了他们之间的爱情，他无奈地选择了安乐死，他作了最后的告别。最后，他按了一下开关，就过世了。After half a year, his disease progressed rapidly, he had slurred speech. So he had to rely on a typewriter to "help" him to talk in many cases. So Simon made a decision, he wants to carry out euthanasia in Switzerland on November 2nd, 2015 (Euthanasia is illegal in the UK, in September 2014, the British Parliament voted and rejected euthanasia proposal.), that day was his birthday. He contacted a clinic engaged in euthanasia in Switzerland, he sent an e-mail to a doctor and described his situation. However, his family and friends really could not accept the fact. In a gathering with two friends, Simon told them his plan, his wife Debbie felt that it was unacceptable. Simon said that his body was going downhill, and his hand began to tremble involuntarily, he felt very weak. This gathering broke up, Simon still insisted on going to meet the doctor of the clinic in Switzerland. Because accepting euthanasia must undergo a medical interview by the doctor, the doctor needed a long talk with the patient to assess the patient's mental state, so as to determine that it was his deliberate choice rather than impulse. In this interview, he told the doctor that he had thought it over, and he wanted euthanasia to end his life. Finally, the doctor said that the case of Simon met their conditions and he could make an appointment for euthanasia. In this way, Simon had a final appointment with the doctor, the last day for he to leave the world was scheduled for November 2nd, his birthday. On the appointed day, after completing a series of formalities, the doctor gave Simon a switch, he just needed to press the switch, anesthetic which was up to 30 times higher than the usual would be injected into his body. He would lose consciousness in 30 seconds and he would die within four minutes. Before turning on the switch, he took out the phone, letting others to play the recording that he had recorded in advance for his wife. He described the love between them, he was helpless and chose euthanasia, he made a last farewell. Finally he pressed the switch, passed away.
Video视频
澳大利亚每年约有1200人死于皮肤癌，约有2700万人去医院诊断和治疗皮肤癌，不足100人患皮肤癌。由于臭氧层空洞以及澳大利亚崇尚日光的文化，澳大利亚的皮肤癌发病率是世界最高的，是全球平均水平的13倍。如果及早发现和治疗皮肤癌，一般来说，疗效和预后都很好，但如果有淋巴结转移，预后就很严重（澳大利亚癌症委员会，2015年）。对于后者，对于皮肤癌患者来说，有着巨大的痛苦，下面的内容将通过视频显示一个晚期皮肤癌患者的情况。
In Australia, there were about 1,200 people who died for skin cancer each year, and there were about 27 million patients who went to hospitals for diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer, there was a skin cancer among less than 100 people. Because of the ozone hole, as well as Australian culture of advocating daylight, the skin cancer rates in Australia is the highest in the world, which is 13 times over the global average. If skin cancer is detected and treated early and more appropriately, in general, the efficacy and the prognosis is good, but if there is lymph node metastasis, the prognosis is serious (Cancer Council Australia, 2015). For the latter, for skin cancer patients, there is enormous suffering, in the following contents, the situation of an advanced skin cancer patient will be shown through a video.
It can be seen that there are more ulcers in the skin of the advanced skin cancer patient, the ulcers are butterfly-shaped, deeply infiltrate obvious, they are devastating largely and involve the bones. Accompanied by purulent infection, stench, pain, the ulcers are stinking, there are more purulent secretions and they are easy to bleed; and there is occurrence of metastasis of cervical lymph node.
Doctors point out that, due to invasion and destruction of advanced cancer towards normal tissues, adjacent nerve roots are compressed and destructed, leading to local tissue necrosis and blood flow obstruction, bone and periosteum are infiltrated, these factors lead to the patient’s severe pain, such pain is severe pain and persistent pain, the pain can not be relieved without medication, the patient only relies on morphine large to ease the pain a little.
Because of taking a large number of anti-cancer drugs, violations of digestive or nervous system by cancer, as well as psychological anxiety, the patient suffers frequent vomiting, nausea, the patient said that the nausea and vomiting are more distressing than the cancer pain, he also can not eat normally, there is a serious shortage of nutritional intake, we can see that the patient has become very thin.
Meanwhile, as the cancer cells have transferred to the lungs, leading to dyspnea caused by bronchospasm and lung infections, the patient has to rely on life-support machine. In addition, due to skin damage and secondary bacterial infection, as well as strong growth of cancer cells, the advanced cancer patient has persistent fever, which is even up to 39 degrees, the persistent fever makes the patient look very apathetic, lethargic, he is unwilling to communicate with other people.
It can be seen from the video of the advanced skin cancer patient that, afflicted by the disease, the quality of his life has become extremely low, while considering from the current medical conditions, his chances of cure or remission is very slim. Thus the patient would rather give up the opportunity to accept continue treatment and choose euthanasia, but euthanasia is illegal in Australia. There are many such patients in Australia, how to deal with their demands deserves the care of the whole Australian society.
Speech讲义
Ladies and gentlemen:女士们先生们：
今天，我很荣幸在这里与大家讨论安乐死的合法化及相关问题，我们知道，目前关于安乐死合法化的社会问题有很多争议，有人支持，也有很多反对意见，在此我就安乐死的合法化问题发表了自己的看法。#p#分页标题#e#
反对安乐死合法化的人认为，安乐死合法化是不道德的，不管人们面临多大的困难，他们都应该与之斗争到底，然后静静地等待死亡，这被认为是一种有尊严的死亡（荷兰的护理人员和安乐死，2016年）。然而，在正常情况下，反对安乐死的人不是晚期病人，也不是遭受折磨的痛苦，所以他们实际上低估了与死亡斗争到底的困难。晚期患者不能自主呼吸、行动、思考，他们经常要忍受极端和频繁的痛苦。随着这些痛苦的积累，很多事情在他们健康的时候就可以很容易地做，然后变得遥不可及，这使他们感到最痛苦的是没有尽头的。一些先进的病人申请安乐死，但被拒绝，他们只能选择死于绝食，安乐死将能够给他们一个有尊严的死亡机会。
Today, I am honored to be here to talk about the legalization of euthanasia and related issues with you, we know that there is much controversy about the current social issue of the legalization of euthanasia, some people support it, while there is also many objection opinions, here I present my own views on the problem of the legalization of euthanasia.
Those who oppose the legalization of euthanasia believe that the legalization of euthanasia is immoral, no matter how hard situations people face, they should struggle with it to the end, and then quietly wait for death, which is considered to be a death with dignity (Nursing staff and euthanasia in the Netherlands, 2016). However, under normal circumstances, people who oppose euthanasia are not advanced patients, nor do them suffer the pain of torture, so they actually underestimate the difficulty of struggling with death to the end. Advanced patients can no longer breathe, act, think on their own, they often have to endure extreme and frequent suffering. With the accumulation of these kinds of pain, a lot of things which can easily be done when they are healthy before become out of reach, which makes them feel the most pain without end. Some advanced patients apply for euthanasia but are rejected, they can only choose to die by hunger strike, and euthanasia will be able to give them a chance to die with dignity.
Many people who hold an opposite view towards the legalization of euthanasia believe that the legalization of euthanasia will lead to deaths which should not happen. However, a survey in 2005 showed that in the cases of euthanasia carried out in the Netherlands, there were only 0.4% of the euthanized cases were implemented without patients’ consent; before the end of the survey, euthanasia has been legalized in the Netherlands; another survey in 1991 showed that when euthanasia was not legal in the Netherlands, in the implementation process, there were 0.8% of euthanasia cases operated without the consent of patients (Nursing staff and euthanasia in the Netherlands, 2016). Comparing the two findings, it can be seen that the results of implementation of euthanasia when it is legal are contrary to what people expect, the number of euthanasia cases operated without patients’ consent is halved, because when it is legal, prior to operation of euthanasia, doctors must obtain explicit consent from patients. Standardization of euthanasia operation process makes murder in the name of euthanasia unable to be enforced.
Many opponents are based such a premise to oppose euthanasia: we should strive to save each patient's life, as there are opportunities for recovering. However, the statistics show us a different situation. A survey in the Netherlands shows that 86% of euthanasia cases only shorten a week of the life of patients (Pool, 2004). This data clearly shows that incurable disease is fatal. Opponents of euthanasia believe that patients must have a chance of survival to get miraculous recovery, and these data is a strong evidence that their assumption is wrong. Since euthanasia as a way for advanced patients to get rid of pain, then, advanced patients tortured by disease should have the right to choose euthanasia.
All in all, I personally support the legalization of euthanasia, of course, in the process of legalization of euthanasia, there are many challenges relating to medical, moral, ethical aspects needed to be overcome, but these challenges should not be the reasons for rejection the legalization of euthanasia.
Reflection
In the process of cooperation, our team has mainly done jobs in three aspects.
Firstly, we understood writing format, specifications and features of news release, videoing and speech. We learned by gathering relevant information that in addition to news value, grasping main appeal and correct format, a good news release must have the following characteristics: the wording should be concise, the narrative should be proper and have factual basis, there should be a brief, highlighted, appealing title and avoid using unfamiliar, abstruse words to improve the readability of the text (Concept Marketing Group, 2014). Video production needs to gather more image information to move audience visually, the playback format should be determined to ensure smooth broadcasting of the video. Also there should be some video editing capabilities, such as keeping wonderful scenes and useful information, adding video effects and subtitles, and so on (Mediacollege, 2016). Format of a speech typically include of three parts: title, main body and inscription, the contents can be divided into three parts. The first part is equivalent to "preface," which is generally the statement of reasons for making the speech and the introduction of the topic, showing welcome to those who attend the meeting. The second part is the main part of the speech, the main contents of the speech should be offered. The third part is the end, which is appropriate summary of the speech and representations about the main points. Preparing for a speech should note three points: the point of view should be clear, the views on certain problems should be stated clearly; the structure should be coherent to easy to make the point; the language used should be concise and avoid using some esoteric words, so that the audience can easily understand (Austin, 2012).
Secondly, we chose the contents for the speech, the contents were euthanasia-related issues and controversial contents with news value, representativeness. The content selected is the euthanasia event of British Simon, euthanasia of skin cancer, and discussion on ethical, legal and ethical issues relating to euthanasia.
Finally, we were based on different writing genres to prepare different contents. For example, the event of British millionaire Simon’s euthanasia has caused great concern in the society, which has a high news value and the time, course and place for occurrence of this event is very clear, therefore, this event has been selected to publicized in the form of press release. And contents related to euthanasia events of skin cancer patients are reflected by a lot of pictures and image data, so that the audience will have a more direct impression for what the patients have suffered, thus video is selected to express the event of skin cancer patients. Considering ethical, legal, ethical and other issues relating to euthanasia, the author more elaborates views theoretically, therefore it is more suitable to publicize in the form of a speech.
References
Alwakeel, R. (2015). Simon Binner assisted suicide: South London businessman ends life at Swiss clinic.
Austin, M. (2012). A beginner’s guide to making a speech.
Cancer Council Australia. (2015). Skin cancer in Australia.
Concept Marketing Group. (2014). Introduction to Writing Effective Press Releases.
Mediacollege. (2016). How to make a video.
Nursing staff and euthanasia in the Netherlands. (2016). A nation-wide survey on attitudes and involvement in decision making and the performance of euthanasia. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(5), 783-789.
Pool, R. (2004). “You’re not going to dehydrate mom, are you?”: Euthanasia, versterving, and good death in the Netherlands. Social Science & Medicine, 58(5), 955-966.
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