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文摘：本文对建筑构造学进行了研究。本文首先介绍了这一学科，以帮助读者对建筑构造学有一个基本的认识。下一节将介绍肖恩·戈德塞尔（Sean Godsell）和斯图奇伯里（Stutchbury&Pape）的典型构造作品，以及批评家、历史学家和同行的解释。此外，还讨论了戈德塞尔、斯图奇伯里和帕普等著名建筑师的作品对建筑构造学发展的贡献。最后，对本文进行了简要的总结，并展望了澳大利亚建筑未来发展中的建筑构造。
Abstract:In this article, a study of the architectural tectonicsis presented. Firstly, an introduction on this subject is given to help readers to establish a basic understanding on the architectural tectonics. In the next section, typical tectonic works by Sean Godsell and Stutchbury & Pape are presented, as well as interpretations by critics,historians and peers. Additionally, the contributions of works by celebrated architects such as Godsell and Stutchbury &Pape to the development of architecture tectonics are discussed. In the last part, a short summary ofthe article is presented, followed by the outlook of the architectural tectonics in the future development of Australian architecture.
I. Introduction引言
一般来说，当代澳大利亚建筑涉及三个持久的设计传统，即构造理论、抽象层次和比喻理论（Goad和Bingham Hall 2005）。在这三种传统中，构造学被认为是主要的，并已被各种学者和研究团体所研究。建筑学建立于1840年，是一门与设计和应用有关的建筑科学。这一主体解决了与客户需求相对应的实质性必要结构。更重要的是，它的目标是使建筑不仅是一个建筑，而且是一个艺术品。在1840年至1852年出版的著作中，卡尔·波提彻将建筑构造学定义为一门研究建筑的学科，即通过建造过程而不是模仿物体的过程来研究建筑（Schwarzer 1993）。在这个理论中，建筑不再是几种形式的集合，而是指无限的和三维的。物理力和社会力的动态宇宙包括对功能、结构和象征的综合研究，也就是说，建筑的机械本质是通过对艺术和自然的主观感知而与其艺术象征分离的。这一理论对现代澳大利亚的建筑美学有着重要的影响，并在建筑方面产生了一系列的创新。
Generally, the contemporaryAustralian architecture involves three persistent design traditions, namely the tectonic theory, the levels of abstraction and the figurative theory(Goad and Bingham-Hall 2005). Among the three traditions, the tectonics is considered as the majorone and has been investigated by various scholars and research groups. Established in 1840, thearchitectural tectonicsis defined as the science of construction in relation to designand application. This subjectinvolves the materially requisite construction corresponding to needs from clients. More importantly, it aims atmaking the construction not only a building but also an art piece. In his books published between 1840 and 1852, Karl Botticher defined architectural tectonics as a subject that investigates the architecture through the processes which made up building, instead of imitation of objects(Schwarzer 1993).In this theory, the architecture is no longer a collection of severalforms;instead, it refers to an infinite and dynamic universe of physical and social forcesand involves an integrated study of function, structure, and symbolism.In other words, the mechanical essence of architectures is separated from its artistic symbolism by the subjective perception of art and nature. This theory has a significant influence on the architectural aesthetics in modern Australia and has led to a series of innovations in the architectures.
II. Study of Architectural Tectonics建筑构造学研究
2.1 Works by Sean Godsell肖恩·戈德塞尔的作品
Sean Godsell is a celebrated Australian architect whose works have been published in the leading Architectural journals such as Architectural Review and Architectural Record(Godsell and Van Schaik 2005).In 2002,wallpaper,a top design magazine, listed him as one of the talents(the only Australian and the only Architect in this list) who will ‘change the way we live’. His works is a perfect combination oftraditional Australian patterns and modern architectural elements. Sean Godsell has been highly recognized by critics, historians and peers in this field.
For instance, Leon van Schaik, an architecture critic and a Professor of Architecture from RMIT, spoke highly of Sean Godsell and his works such as the St. Andrews beach house. In his reviews, Sean Godsell defined as a ‘rare find’whose worksaremasterpieces of hightechnological and aesthetical values.Indeed, Leon van Schaikconsidered Sean Godsell as a good example of the saying that ‘true architecture belongs to people with both an eye for design and total dedication to the discipline’. According toLeon van Schaik, the spare modern forms meld beautifully with rich weathered materials and each work is a tribute to its unique setting in the landscape. Additionally, many of the rich materials are off-the-shelf industrial items,including stair treads, corrugated metals and pneumatic hinges. Sean Godsell depicts a modern world that is environmentallysensitive and technologicallyadvanced.More importantly, the world depicted is far from horror, coldness the nightmares.
According to David Clark, the residential works of Sean Godsell are designed around a set of principles and ideas uniting East and West traditions. For instance, aisles,which are frequently used as anunlimited circulation spaceinthe Eastern (particularly Japanese and Chinese) architecture,arecombined with verandah of Australian rural homesteads and Queenslandersin most of his works. A typical example of Sean Godsell’s works is the Carter/Tucker House(Schaik 2005). In this building,the lower two floors can be divided into discrete spaces by sliding walls. This design was inspired by traditional Japanese houses.On the other hand, with the tilt-up panels in the timber-battened facade open, a verandah-like room can becreated in the interior. A private space can be retained with the sliding wall closed while the verandah serves asa circulation.
In summary, Sean Godsell is an outstanding representative of architectural tectonics and recognized as one of the most influentialmodern architects both in Australia and globally.
2.2Works by Stutchbury & Pape
Peter Stutchbury is an Australian architectwhose architectural stylehas been described as ‘lyrical technologist’(Goad 2004).In 1991, Peter Stutchburyestablished a joint practice with Phoebe Pape, another Australian architect.Since then,Stutchbury& Pape have created a variety of fascinating buildings that are highly recognized by peers and critics and the joint practice has received 17 Awards from the Royal Australian Institute ofArchitecture(Beaver 2004). For instance, Philip Goad, an Australian academic and Professor of Architecture at the University of Melbourne, described thearchitectural style of Stutchbury& Pape as ‘lyrical technologist’.
The bangalay is one of the most recognized works byStutchbury& Pape. Bangalay is aglass-and-timber beacon of a house located in the suburban area of Sydney.Consisting of 10 recycled hardwood frames, this work exhibits a distinctiveAustralian style and provides anextraordinary example ofcollective Aboriginal art.On the other hand, the design of this house is highly consistent with the surroundings. The house is completely self-sufficient:it employs up-to-date environmental technologies such as under-floor heating pipes, solar panels and natural cross ventilation. At the eastern side, a long corridor starting from the front door and running the length of the house is created;every room in this house comes off this corridor, which is recognized as the most important design of the house (by Peter Stutchbury), thus making the organization of the house very clear.The very Australian skillion roof, at its highest level possible, allows the light to stream into the living room in the morning. A large sheltered courtyard located at the centre divides the living and sleeping areasand serves as an open dining room (with a barbecue).
Another representative work by Stutchbury& Pape is theSydney International Archery Centre. Lying beside the new wetlands of Homebush Bay, the Archery Centreis enclosed by mangrove fringes and two collections ofsculptural poles.The roof leans forward sharply, and twists along its length: a metaphor for the flight of an arrow. According to Peter Stutchbury, the design of this building involved the verandah, which is a unique character of shelter in Australia. Inspired by verandah, afly roof with a tent is created toprotect the building underneath and the area outside the building.
In summary,Stutchbury& Pape have created a distinctive architectural style that has been described as ‘lyrical technologist’. Typical examples include the bangalay and the International Archery Centre in Sydney.
III. Conclusion
In conclusion, the architectural tectonics in the Australian architects is discussed. The first part is a brief introduction on this subject in terms of definition, history and characteristics. Afterwards, two representative and influential architects (Sean Godsell and Stutchbury& Pape) and their works are presented, as well as interpretations by critics, historians and peers. It can be concluded that to the tectonics has made a significant contribution to the development of modern architectures in Australia.
IV. Future Outlook
As one of the three persistent design traditions in modernAustralian architecture, the tectonics is believed to continuously influence the global architecture. In the near future, thearchitectural tectonicsis to spread in the areas with similar cultures, such as Japan and China. In the long term, this architectural subject has a great potential to become one of the leading architectural styles globally.#p#分页标题#e#
References
Beaver, Robyn. 2004. 1000 Architects:(AJ). Vol. 1: Images Publishing.
Goad, Philip. 2004. Bates Smart: 150 years of Australian architecture: Thames & Hudson.
Goad, Philip, and Patrick Bingham-Hall. 2005. New directions in Australian architecture: Periplus Editions.
Godsell, Sean, and Leon Van Schaik. 2005. Sean Godsell: works and projects: Electaarchitecture.
Schaik, Leon van. 2005. "Australasia." Architectural Design no. 75 (5):84-90.
Schwarzer, Mitchell. 1993. "Ontology and representation in Karl Bötticher's theory of tectonics." The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians:267-280.
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