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澳洲指导coursework Systems Engineering
ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011
Learning Outcomes
From Engineers Australia’s Graduate Attributes:
• PE2.1 ability to undertake problem identification,
formulation and solution
• PE2.3 ability to utilise a systems approach to complex
problems and to design and operational performance
• PE2.4 proficiency in engineering design
Our course learning outcomes:
5. design a solution to an open-ended problem using an
engineering process
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Systems Engineering
• so remember everything from the lecture last Thursday
on engineering design…
it has severe limitations
• linear, single-disciplinary approaches and methods
cannot effectively be applied to large, complex or multidisciplinary
problems or projects
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Systems Engineering
• what happens in the real world to create large complex things
• involves identifying and defining boundaries for a given objective
(problem) to give freedom in design
• a process whereby engineers analyse and optimise a whole
technical system utilising a structured, formal design process
• aiming to develop a ‘solution’ that is greater than the sum of its parts
• no single set of rules and formulas but rather a suite of tools and
techniques to apply at various stages for different contexts and
(sub)systems
• a way of thinking about a problem, system, challenge, product,
process or service
5
Mahoney, 2009
Development of Systems Engineering
1937 British multi-disciplinary team to analyse the air defense system
1940 Command and Control in the Battle of Britain
1941 Term Systems Engineering coined (supposedly)
1951-1980 SAGE Air Defense System defined and managed by MIT
1956 Invention of systems analysis by RAND Corporation
1960’s NASA’s Apollo missions
1962 Publication of A Methodology for Systems Engineering
1969 Jay Forrester Modeling Urban Systems at MIT
1994 Perry Memorandum urges military contractors to adopt
commercial practices such as IEEE P1220
2002 Release of ISO/IEC 15288
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2
Systems Age Thinking
Machine Age Procedure Systems Age Procedure
Decompose that which is to be
explained (decomposition)
Identify a containing system of
which the thing to be explained is
part
Explain the behaviour or
properties of the contained parts
separately
Explain the behaviour or
properties of the containing whole
Aggregate these explanations into
an explanation of the whole
Explain the behaviour of the thing
to be explained in terms of its roles
and functions within its containing
whole
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Hitchins, 2007, p4
Systems Engineering
• utilises a system thinking approach and methodology
• a technical system is composed of a boundary, components
and interactions required to achieve a specified goal
• in an engineering sense these can be defined as:
– boundary: to define the system of interest
– components: subsystems within the boundary, which have
values and attributes
– interactions: the links between components
• a system is then a set of interrelated components working
together
Dowling et al, 2010, p65
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Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p23
Systems Engineering Definitions
• ‘Systems engineering is a discipline that concentrates on the
design and application of the whole (system) as distinct from
the parts. It involves looking at a problem in its entirety, taking
into account all the facets and all the variables and relating
the social to the technical aspect.’
• ‘Systems engineering is an iterative process of top-down
synthesis, development, full range of requirements for the
system.’
• ‘Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and
means to enable the realization of successful systems.’
• key terms appear including interdisciplinary, sociotechnical,
wholeness, iterative
ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011 10
INCOSE, 2007, p2.1
Systems Engineering
• as stated in Blanchard and Fabrycky (2006, p18):
‘Basically systems engineering is good engineering with
special areas of emphasis’
• these areas of emphasis are:
– a top-down approach to view the system as a whole
– a life-cycle orientation
– an emphasis on system requirements
– an interdisciplinary approach through the process
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Life Cycle Orientation
ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011 12
Stevens et al, 1998, p5
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System Requirements
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Blanchard and Fabrycky, 2006, p35
Conventional Vehicle Design
• major subsystems identified
• each one then designed and optimised individually
• this may achieve incremental improvements, but typically one
sub-system at a time
Propulsion
Structure
Electrical
Trim
Fluids
Chassis
Traditional Passenger Vehicle
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p23
Whole System Design
• a different system
design strategy for
Whole System vehicle
design was developed
• optimise each
Hypercar Passenger Vehicle
Propulsion
Structure Chassis subsystem with respect
to the system as a whole
(and other subsystems)
• provides opportunities
for much larger
improvements during
each product
development lifecycle
Electrical
Trim
Fluids
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p23
The Revolution
TNEP, 2008
System Boundaries
• The ideal project would consider the whole system, in its
environment, throughout its entire lifetime
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p23
System Boundaries - OEM
Engine Example
System of Interest:
engine; assembly
process for the
engine; procedures
for maintenance and
end-of-life
Operating Environment:
car; local climate
processing; spare
components
Wider System of Interest:
production processes for engine
components and raw materials;
infrastructure for fuel access,
maintenance, spare components
access and end-of-life processing;
car; assembly process for the car
Wider Environment: roads; urban
and built environment; biosphere
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p27
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Example
• what may be an appropriate system boundary for design
a house?
• what are the inputs and outputs across the boundary?
• what are some of the major components (subsystems)?
ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011 19 ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011 20
Blanchard and
Fabrycky, 1998, p46
Cost of Change
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p27
Design Effort
22
Blanchard and Fabrycky, 2006, p3
Life Cycle
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Stevens et al, 1998, p13
Benefits in the Design Process
Stasinopoulos et al, 2009, p22
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Systems Engineering Processes
• there are numerous systems engineering design
processes or strategies which can be applied for a given
context
• some of these are:
– waterfall
– spiral
– VEE
– evolutionary
– simultaneous or concurrent
– chaos
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Systems Engineering
• identifying and specifying system boundaries impacts the
design process, eventual outcomes and opportunities
• aiming to optimise the complete system as a whole
rather than just individual subsystem components
• focuses on committing time and resources early in the
design process
• feedback is essential
• interaction between subsystems is required
• systems engineering requires a formal design process
• a variety of tools and techniques should be utilised
Applying Systems Engineering to the EWB Challenge
• the EWB Challenge is a complex, multi-disciplinary
problem
– it requires a systems engineering approach
• you will need to set a system boundary
– for example this could be individual, household, or
village level
• you will need to consider interactions between
subsystems and components
• you will need to consider non-technical elements
– local material, resources, education, history and
cultural traditions, ...
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澳洲指导coursework Design Process for EWB Challenge Project
Identify
User
Establish
Target
Concept Concept Refine
User Needs Concept Development
Based on Ulrich and Eppinger, 1995, p. 58
Needs
Specs Generation Selection Specs
Detailed
Design
LCA &
Evaluate#p#分页标题#e#
System
Modelling Prototype
Develop
Implementation
Approach
Detailed Design Evaluation and
Modelling
Test &
Refine
Implementation
Discovering Engineering Design Activities
Week Topic EWB Group Project Activity
2 Systems Engineering Problem Formulation
3 Research Background Research
4 Design Requirements User Needs
5 Communication Concept Generation
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6 Concept Generation and Selection Concept Selection
7 Project Management Project Management
8 Detailed Design Detailed Design
9 Evaluation Evaluation and Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA)
10 Modelling Modelling
11 Ethics Prototyping
12 Innovation and Implementation Presentation and Implementation
13 Reflection and Wrap-Up Reflection
Entry Survey Results
• variety of motivations
• the main responses were:
– enjoy physics and/or maths, and their practical
application
ENGN1211 - Discovering Engineering 2011 30
– enjoy programming
– global enhancement (making the world a better place)
– enjoy logical thinking and problem-solving
– employment and career opportunities, and/or salary
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Entry Survey Results
• numerous disciplines and activities
– hopefully have an opportunity to explore
during your engineering technology report
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• wide variety of answers for engineering,
engineering practice and systems engineering
– the focus of a number of lectures and
tutorials, so hopefully already learning more
about this
Next Steps - Resources
• read sections on systems engineering in Dowling et al,
2010 (p64 - 69, p283 - 290)
• read Stevens et al (1998) Chapter 1
• read sections on teamwork in Dowling et al, 2010 (p191 -
p205)
– this will be covered in the first practical
• watch the online lecture presentation
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Next Steps - Tutorials and Practicals
• tutorials start this week and will focus on systems
engineering, particularly on boundary setting and its
relation to problem formulation
• next week’s tutorials focus on research, reference and
library skills
• they will be at the same time but in a computing lab
– check the timetable on course Wattle site
• start thinking about you EWB Challenge project
• practical’s start this week (even week, so prac groups 1,
3, 5, 7, 9 have prac’s this week)
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References
Blanchard, B. S., and Fabrycky, W. J., 2006, Systems Engineering and Analysis,
Fourth Edition, Pearson
Dowling, D., Carew, A., and Hadgraft, R., 2010, Engineering Your Future - An
Australasian Guide, Wiley
p64 - 69, p283 - 290
Hitchins, D. K., 2007, Systems Engineering - A 21st Century Systems Methodology,
Wiley
INCOSE, 2007, Systems Engineering Handbook - A Guide for System Lifecycle
Processes and Activities, International Council on Systems Engineering
Stasinopoulos, P., Smith, M. H., Hargroves, C., and Desha, C., 2009, Whole
System Design - An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Engineering, earthscan
Stevens, R., Brook, P., Jackson, K., and Arnold, S., 1998, Systems Engineering -
Coping with Complexity, Prentice Hall Europe
Chapter 1
Ulrich, K., and Eppinger, S., 2000, Product Design and Development
ENGN8110 - Global Challenges in Engineering 2011 34
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