指导消防安全的coursework

海洋上的消防安全-Fire safety at Sea

 

介绍-INTRODUCTION

 

目的-Purpose

 

The purpose of this report is to inform the reader of current measures in place to detect and/or combat fires onboard ships and measures put in place to ensure minimal damage to ships as well as minimal loss of life. The report also seeks to inform readers of measures to prevent fires from starting. It will also educate seafarers on common causes of fires onboard ships. The consequences of fire will also be briefly mentioned in this report to educate the reader on why fire safety is so important.

 

背景-Background

 

Fire has been a prevalent problem whether on land or on sea. However unlike on land there is no fire brigade to call for help on sea. Therefore fire safety is extremely important on sea and every seafarer needs to understand what he/she should do in the event of a fire. They must also know which of their habits may cause fires to start. Accidents such as the 1934 fire on the passenger ship, the Morro Castle, which had 134 casualties caused changes in the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS) convention. This incident caused major changes in relation to fire safety on passenger ships. However, it was not until the 1996 amendments to SOLAS which introduced the mandatory Fire Test Procedures code. It was made mandatory on 1st July 1998 and provides international regulations on testing of the ship. These amendments were introduced to aid companies with knowledge on the safety of products installed in ships sailing under their flag. Even with these safeguards and procedures fires still occur.

 

方法-Methodology

 

For this report, the internet and books were used to attain the information pertaining to the subject and some of the information used in the report itself.

 

范围-Scope

 

The report will be covering aspects of fire safety such as causes of fire onboard ships, how to prevent fires occurring, classes of fire, extinguishing agents, fire detection, as well as other methods of containing and combating a fire. And also the consequences a fire has on people or the ship.

 

船舶上着火的原因-CAUSES OF FIRE ONBOARD SHIPS

 

电-Electrical

 

短/电路过载-Short/Overloaded Circuits

 

Short or overloaded circuits both may cause sparks to fly about and in an enclosed space there is a high likelihood that a material may catch fire. Such circuits tend to heat up by a great amount potentially causing electrical fires or otherwise. Incorrectly installed wiring may cause short/overloaded circuits.

 

未经批准或修改设备-Unapproved or Modified Equipments

 

These equipments which are not approved for any outlets on the ship may cause fires due to the chance that they might overheat and sparks from the overheating appliance may start the fire or the heat generated by the appliance itself may cause a material to ignite resulting in fire.

 

烹饪-Cooking

 

无人值守的烹饪设备-Unattended Cooking Appliances

 

Appliances left unattended by cooks in the galley may spread the fire being used or may even provide ignition for a combustible causing a fire to start.

 

其他原因-Other Causes

 

自发的可燃材料-Spontaneously Combustible Materials

 

Materials carelessly thrown about such as rags, waste or even clothes which have been exposed to paint or oil may spontaneously combust leading to fires. (International Labour Office, 1996)

 

吸烟-Smoking

 

Careless disposal of burning matches and cigarette ends is dangerous as they may ignite materials or chemicals lying around.

 

洗衣和湿衣服-Laundry And Wet Clothing

 

Care should be taken when drying items of clothing. Clothing should not be hung directly on or close to heaters and should never be dried in the engine-room. (International Labour Office, 1996)

 

预防措施-PREVENTIVE MEASURES

 

电-Electrical

 

在使用前确保所有电线连接安全-Ensuring All Wires Are Safe Before Use

 

Before Using any personal devices make sure that insulation is not damaged in any way. If any damaged wires are found whether for machinery or personal use, inform a competent person.

 

向主管电工报告线路故障-Report Wiring Faults To Competent Electrician

 

All faults observed with wirings should be reported to an electrician so as to prevent any dangers.

 

烹饪-Cooking

 

保持警惕-Be Alert

 

Do not leave any cooking appliances unattended and always keep an eye on any running appliances.

 

大体上-General

 

保持工作区整洁-Keep Workspaces Clean

 

Cluttered workspaces provide more materials to ignite. Woodchips and rags left around work areas may ignite in certain conditions. This also applies to galleys cooking oil should be cleared as well as other mess.

 

授权吸烟区域-Authorized Areas For Smoking

 

There should be areas designated for smoking. These areas should contain ashtrays for proper disposal of cigarette ends and there should be clear signs indicating which areas are designated for smoking.

 

了解火灾-UNDERSTANDING FIRES

 

火三角-Fire Triangle

 

火三角-The Fire Triangle

 

The fire triangle is a simple way to understand how fire starts and why it starts.

 

The fire triangle shows what is needed to start a fire, as seen on the triangle itself. Fuel, heat as well as an oxidising agent, usually oxygen, is needed to start a fire.

 

了解火三角-Understanding The Fire Triangle

 

As mentioned above, a fire cannot start without all three of these factors. If there is insufficient heat the fire cannot start or cannot sustain itself. Without fuel a fire will stop, removing the fuel decreases the energy produced and thus reducing the heat. Without oxygen a fire cannot start or maintain its heat.

 

火灾等级-Classes of Fire

 

A类火灾-Class A Fires

 

Class A fires involve solids which get heated to its flash points and ignite. The heat for this class of fire is usually provided by another fire. This class of fire will burn as long as there is oxygen, heat and fuel. Easiest way to put it out is to take away its heat.

 

B类火灾-Class B Fires

 

Class B fires involves flammable liquids and gases. The fuel is usually a flammable liquid or gas. Water should never be used against these fires as the water will spread the fuel causing the fire itself to spread.#p#分页标题#e#

 

C类火灾-Class C Fires

 

Class C fires are electrical fires. These fires are not to be fought with water or foam as it may cause electric shock to the firefighter. It can otherwise be fought like an ordinary fire.

 

D类火灾-Class D Fires

 

Class D fires involve metals such as magnesium and titanium. These fires risk only exist when chips or machine shavings are present. Water can make such fires worse, dry powder is used to put out metal fires.

 

火灾探测和定位-DETECTING AND LOCATING FIRES

 

检测和报警-Detection and Alarm

 

烟雾探测器-Smoke Detectors

 

This detector activates the fire alarm when there is a large amount of smoke present. There are 3 main types of smoke detectors, the obstruction method, scattered method and the ionization method.

 

热探测器-Heat Detectors

 

Heat detectors activate when large amount of heat present. There are also 3 main types of heat detectors, bimetallic strip, fusible link and the quartzoid bulb.

 

火焰探测器-Flame Detectors

 

The flame detector usually used is an infra red light detector. This works due to the fact that fires emit infra red light.

 

报警信号-Alarm Signal

 

声音-Sound

 

The alarm signal will have sound effect. This is continuous ringing of the alarm bell.

 

视觉效果-Visual Effects

 

This is done with red lights.

 

扑灭大火-EXTINGUISHING A FIRE

 

灭火人员-Extinguishing Agents

 

水-Water
 

Water extinguishes fires by cooling. When water is in contact with the fire, evaporation occurs reducing the heat and thus the fire is extinguished. However a disadvantage of water is that it can conduct electricity thus posing a danger to firefighters. Also too much water can affect the stability of the ship itself. It is usually in blue coloured portable extinguishers and is most suitable for Class A fires.

 

泡沫-Foam

 

Foam extinguishes fires by smothering. Foam blankets a fire thus limiting the air reaching the fire and effectively extinguishing the fire. It is ineffective against electrical fires as it conducts electricity. Its colour code is cream colour. Good for Class B fires.

 

二氧化碳-Carbon Dioxide

 

Carbon Dioxide also extinguishes a fire by smothering. It is one and a half times denser than air causing it to sink into the fire preventing any oxygen from reaching the fire and thus extinguishing the fire. However it does not cool the material so even if the fire is extinguished there is a chance the material will re-ignite if exposed to oxygen. It is also ineffective in open spaces. Its colour code is black on extinguishers. Most suitable for electrical fires.

 

干粉-Dry Powder

 

Dry powder extinguishes fires by breaking their chain reaction. It does not cool the fire and therefore the possibility of re-flash is present. The colour code for foam extinguishers is blue. Suitable for all classes of fire.

 

固定灭火系统-Fixed Extinguishing Systems

 

单消防管路系统-Single Firemain System

 

It draws sea water from engine room and this sea water is then pumped through a pipe which branches out. To each of these branches fire hydrants are added.

 

毛圈消防管路系统-Looped Firemain System

 

It works in a similar fashion to the single firemain system except that it is not a single pipeline on the deck but rather a loop. This is an effective design as when a single firemain pipe is fracture the flow of sea water is disrupted. For the looped firemain the water can be re-directed. However, this system is more expensive to build.

 

喷水灭火系统-Sprinkler System

 

Fully automatic system means no crew needed to operate. Has continuous supply of water and also immediate notification of alarm and location. Normally found on passenger ships.

 

泡沫系统-Foam System

 

Usually found on decks of oil tankers due to its effectiveness against oil fires. It is very seldom used in the engine room.

 

二氧化碳系统-Carbon Dioxide System

 

Used in machinery spaces, store rooms etc. When used in engine room head count must be done before activation as carbon dioxide may cause suffocation.