指导essay如何处理引用的观点_ESSAY_ukassignment,英国作业|留学生作业网

留学生在写essay的时候，经常要引用别人的观点。但很多人在写作时，不能很好地处理这些观点，导致文章主次不够分明，甚至产生歧义。“引用”是essay写作中最常用的修辞手法，可以为文章增加论据，也能够更深入的论述观点，但如果处理不当，也会使文章内容混乱、表达不明确。那我们在写essay是改如何处理这些观点呢？一般情况下，引用别人的观点有三种：同意（Agreeing）、不同意（Disagreeing）、结合两者（some combination of both，即不完全同意，也不完全反对）。下面我们就举例分析下这三种情况的观点该如何处理。

1、反对—要解释为什么

谈到批判性思维（Critical Thinking）的时候，大家都会想到“反对”，反对的确是体现批判性思维的方法，但是提出反对的同时，也要解释反对的理由。那怎么反对的？大家要首先了解下议论文的三要素（观点 Claim、前提假设 Assumption、和证据 Evidence），大家可以去攻击对方观点的前提假设是有问题的，或者说证据是有问题的，或者可以去说对方的逻辑是有问题的。现在来介绍一些常见的模板：
X is mistaken because she overlooks recent fossil discoveries in the South.
X's claim that     rests upon the questionable assumption that     .
I disagree with X's view that   , because, as recent research has shown,   .
X contradicts herself/cannot have it both ways. On the one hand, she argues   . On the other hand, she also says   .
By focusing on   , X overlooks the deeper problem of     .

2、同意—但是要有所不同

同意的时候，要尽可能多的加入新的见解，而不是单纯炒冷饭。比如说，你可以找到一些新的证据或者新的论证方法来支持 X 的观点。如果 X 的观点非常难理解，你可以用自己的话解释一遍。一些常见的模板如下：
I agree that diversity in the student body is educationally valuable because my experience at Central University confirms it.
X is surely right about     because, as she may not be aware, recent studies have shown that   .
X's theory of     is extremely useful because it sheds light on the difficult problem of   .
Those unfamiliar with this school of thought may be interested to know that it basically boils down to     .

当你同意一个观点的时候，不可避免会讲到反面的观点，这个时候，可以用如下的模板：
I agree that   , a point that needs emphasizing since so many people still believe   .
If group X is right that     , as I think they are, then we need to reassess the popular assumption that     .

3、同意和不同意相结合

这种回应的方式比较友好，读者可能更容易去接受。根据具体的情况，有两种回应方式，一种是：Yes, but （强调反对点）, 另外一种是, no, but（强调同意点），模板如下：
Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept his overriding assumption that religion is no longer a major force today.
Although I disagree with much that X says, I fully endorse his final conclusion that     .

这里meeloun还为大家提供了其他的一些常见的模板以供大家在新学期essay写作中使用：
Though I concede that   , I still insist that     .
X is right that     , but she seems on more dubious ground when she claims that   .
While X is probably wrong when she claims that      , she is right that   .
Whereas X provides ample evidence that     , Y and Z's research on      and     convinces me that      instead.

上面的三种Respond方式，无论哪一种，都必须要非常清楚地告知读者你的立场。相信这三种respond方式大家在essay写作中肯定会用得到。