论明代-On Ming Dynasty

在明朝（1368-1644），大明帝国的行政制度是非常复杂的。在此期间，我国古代的首相制度被废除了，同时，建立了一个全新的政府机构。一个新的官方称六档案上任后，这是最高的首席执行官他们更多集中在朝廷大臣。还有就是应运而生更复杂的地方政府。很奇怪的是，明代的气候条件并不好，因为它曾经遇到过一个非常寒冷的时期，这是一个在一百万。它自然带来了一系列的自然灾害影响的时期。这些自然灾害中最重要的一点是，近20年来几乎没有冰川的年龄。一些自然灾害是自然的，很少有可能被避免，如小冰期和洪水造成的持续降雨，而一些灾害实际上是人为的，如缺乏饲料和军事装备的战斗失败。下面的段落是进一步分析和解释这些现象和更多的问题仍有待讨论。
During the Ming dynasty(1368-1644)，the administrative institution of the Ming empire is very complex. During that time, the prime minister system in ancient china was abolished, and in the meantime, a brand new governmental institution was established. A new official called six chanceries then came up, which is the highest chief executive they focused much more on a minister of the imperial government. And there ismore complex local government that came into being. Very strangely, the climate conditions of Ming dynasty was not that good, for it had once encountered the extremely cold time which was one in a million. And it naturally brought about a series of natural disasters impacting the period. What is one of the most important among these natural disasters is the little ice age which last nearly 20 years. Some of the disasters were natural and were little likely to be avoided such as the little ice age and the flood caused by constant rain., while some of the disasters were actually man-made such as the battle defeat for lack of forage and military equipment. And the following paragraphs are further analysis and explanations for these phenomena and more problems remain to be discussed.

 

On the whole, the administrative complexity of the MingEmpirecoupled with the very climate conditions contributed to the variety of natural disasters that impact the period.On the one hand, the political system of Ming dynasty was more complete than the former dynasty, however since it had abolished the prime minister system in ancient china, so there were no more prime ministerthat time, who indeed were usually very well educated, knowledgeable and could always come up with very useful advice to the emperor for holding the country. And without the help and warning of the marvelous assistant, the emperor could easily get cheated by some wicked official villains who even would like to seize the power from the emperor. And at the same time, the eunuchs were mostly poor educated with poor cultural quality, and once they made the pet of the emperor by some accidental factors, they could sometimes do something that really bad for that was extremely bad for commonpeople, which could be big disasters. On the other hand, because of the poor climate conditions, manynatural disasters had also come up. The Ming dynasty has seen the sudden temperature change (Zhang, David D.2007), and as a matter of fact, temperature is one of the most important climatic variablesthat can influence agriculture, horticulture and human society. The long term cooling had exacerbated natural disasters, and it had adversely affected plants, animals, and what’s worse, it could increase human rate of disease.And the frequency of warfare during that period had also worsen the situation, the army in the Ming dynasty often suffered battle defeat for lack of sufficient forage and efficient military equipment.It’s hard to imagine how such a big country with a very large population faced these severe setbacks and challenges. And worse still, the terrible little ice age had lasted for nearly 20 years, which had weakened the national power on a large scale. From stated above, we can learn that the administrative institution coupled with adverse climate conditions has undoubtedly brought a lot of disasters to the whole country.

 

However, some of the disasters stated in the former paragraph arenatural, whileothers are actually man made.As for the natural ones, the sudden decease of temperature should to this section, because we human beings cannot control the nature or the weather. Take some specific example, suppose it is raining right at this moment, wecannot ask the rain to stop through any actions like praying to the god. We human cannot change the natural phenomena at all, and this is the same of people in Ming dynasty because they could not stop the little ice age within their power. Then, the man-made disasters are those mainly caused but humanthey just take this one for example, if the emperor or the officers at that time had focused enough on their military strength, they would not have been defeated so many times by their enemies.As a matter of fact if the science and technology at that time was advanced enough, they could establish a predicting and warning system for both natural and man-madedisasters (Leonard, Ralph B.1991).Suppose they got a very efficient weather report system, they could make early preparations for forage and adjust the battle strategy to reduce the casualties as they could as possible.

 

It’s well known that the actions and inactions of government are playing a very important role in the destiny of one country. And if the government has had taken a series of efficient actions to strength the country’s national power, pay much attention to the cultivation of the intellectuals, and did what they could do to seek for the talents who can help come up with good strategies and suggestions to save the country in the deep water, a lot of unnecessary disasters and the loss it has brought then could be avoided. And adversely, if the government pays very little attention to the disasters or problems that might exist in the society,and even ignore and let these disasters go, then the disasters will naturally come along because the government is such a strong and powerful part of a nation.In fact, most citizens will follow the policies that the government introduces, and very wise policy can definitely do well to the development and social stability of the country（Watson, Robert T.2005）.Just take the benefit farming policy for an example, since china is a huge agricultural country, which means most of Chinese are actually farmers, so a large group of Chinese benefit from relevant policies that benefit farmers.

 

To sum up, the administrative institution of one country is of great significance, so the top leaders of the country should do what they can to perfect the administrative institution. And disasters are something that people in the whole world do not expect, so we should gain the ability to predict natural disasters more accurately and efficiently, andat the same time, we should avoid causing man-made disasters while we try so hard to develop our economy. I hold the view that fewer natural disasters will occur in a better natural environment, and on the contrary, if we keep claim natural resource without any restraint, the nature will one day come to useful for revenge. And it is very clear that the government of one country is the very hard core of one nation, it can lead the nation to way bright future, or it can also push the nation to the endless abyss. And the main form of government holding the nation lies in the policies it introduces, so the government should take positive and beneficial policy to enhance the situation.

Work cited

Zhang, David D., et al. "Climate change and war frequency in Eastern China over the last millennium." Human Ecology 35.4 (2007): 403-414.

Leonard, Ralph B., and Uri Teitelman. "Manmade disasters." Critical care clinics 7.2 (1991): 293-320.

Watson, Robert T. "Turning science into policy: challenges and experiences from the science–policy interface." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360.1454 (2005): 471-477.