澳洲termpaper指导|自1984以来，中国的经济

澳洲termpaper指导|自1984以来，中国的经济

The Economy Of China Since 1984

 

这些年来，中国在国际舞台上发挥着越来越重要的组成部分：APEC活动赞助和2000年中国成功举行；中国加入WTO，是其中的一个成员；北京奥运会也给了很大的震撼整个世界；高速中国恢复经济去年的危机在一定程度上促进了全球经济的复苏和繁荣，我们可以看到中华人民共和国，世界上人口最多的国家，虽然成立于第二十世纪中叶，有了一个质的飞跃不仅在经济上而且在很多方面。

为什么中国能在短短的几十年不让这样的成就？中国追求什么发展战略？追溯中国历史的发展，很明显，中国的经济改革已经做出了巨大的贡献。

 

These years, China plays a more and more important part on the international stage: The APEC Activities were Sponsored by and Held successfully in China in 2000; China joined in the WTO and be one of the members; The Beijing Olympic Games also gave a great shock to the whole world; The high speed China recovered from the economic crisis last year and to some extent has promoted the resurgence and prosperity of global economy, etc. We can see that People's Republic of China, the world's most populous country, though founded in the middle of 20th century, has made a great stride not only in economy but also in many other aspects.

 

Why China can make such an achievement in less in just a few decades? What development strategy has China pursued? Dating back the history of China's development, it is obvious that China's economic reform has made a great contribution to it. As we know, when the People's Public of China was founded in 1949, China was likely to go the same way as the Soviet Union. As a result, the standard of life cannot be improved and people lived in famine and poverty.

 

Now we will bring this into discussion with the introduction of the concept - "Four C's" in the textbook. The Four C's denote the four ways that societies can be organized economically: by co-operation, command, custom or competition. In fact, we can summarize a fourfold categorization: early Maoism (1949-1963); late Maoism (1963-1978); market socialism (1978-1996); and Chinese capitalism (1996-2008). (Chinese Economic Development - Chris Bramall, 2009) We can clearly see that the development strategy changed as the times, and this was consistent with the philosophy of the Marxism heritage "Circumstances alter cases". In my point of view, the reform introduced the concepts of co-operation and competition on the basis of command and custom. This is a great leap for China in economic area as well as in ideological field.

 

"The poorer, the more glorious" (China's development strategy and the sources of China's growth by Bian, ke, 2007) seemed to be one of customs before reform and it is somehow ridiculous today. The philosophy of Maoism was the only principle obeyed by Chinese and more gravely, it even commanded people's every action and behavior. "Give everything in service to society" is not practical. Custom and command is not always a bad thing, but the philosophy of Maoism and the shade of the Soviet Union, to some extent controlled Chinese thinking and prevented the advancement at that time.

 

Thanks to Premier Deng Xiaoping, he made a memorable quote creatively, which made people realize that only prosperity can lead to the "communism": "Market economies need not be surnamed capitalism, for socialism too has markets. Plans and markets are simply economic stepping stones to universal prosperity and riches." (Burying Mao: Chinese politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping - by Richard Baum, 1994) Therefore, under his guidance, the Chinese movement towards a market economy began in 1984. It was ideal to blend Marxist/Stalinist/Maoist ideology to create a special, unique, creative Chinese variety of a market economy.

 

The reform first started in 1978 in rural Area of China and consequently the annual agricultural growth rate increased quickly while the gap of per capita income between urban and rural people decreased.

 

The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in mainland China must be emphasized. The government gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures in order to allow SEZs to utilize an economic management system. This system plays a vitally important role in the process of China's development. It especially helps the business and trade that does not exist in the rest of mainland China. These SEZs, which are listed separately in the national planning, have province-level authority on economic administration. They enjoy several of economic policies such as special tax incentives for foreign investments, greater independence on international trade activities, etc. Later on, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China. Under such circumstance, economic activities are mainly driven by market forces, which therefore have a closer link with "co-operation" and "competition".

 

The reform and open policy indeed bring a lot of opportunities as well as challenges. Other ownerships of enterprises appeared like mushrooms after rain: cooperative, individual, collective, limited-responsible, joint ventured, shareholding, and foreign-funded, etc. More and more companies and corporations have been set up in China. More and more industries have been opened to other ownership's competitors from home and abroad. Moreover, to our delight, the framework of competitive markets in China has been restructured. China has to adapt herself to globalization. In this process, China cooperates with other countries and makes numerous contributions to common interests. The influence of co-operation can't be denied. Only through combined effort of every member and each colleague can a task be accomplished smoothly and successfully. It is also widely acknowledged that nowadays, co-operation is so important that nothing can isolate independently.

 

Competition, undoubtedly, follows with the co-operation. Competition is one of inevitable factors in the business society because it is a pulse and motive for companies and corporations to strive for the better. With the trend of globalization, there are threats China is now facing with. Though competition is everywhere, China spares no effort to establish and maintain cooperation with other countries in hope to reduce the effect of disadvantages and finally achieve the "Win-Win" in different countries.

 

The market socialist strategy and the pattern of China's economic development were very unusual to many countries in the world. By international standards, it marked a break with both traditional socialism and capitalism. China adopted the extensive pattern of growth: Its growth was led by investment and a growing global trade surplus. Expanding investment and net exports of goods and service were major sources of economic growth.

 

By the early 1990s, almost half of industrial prices were deregulated. Some experts refer this period to "post reform". China's economy has completed the transform from being centrally planned to being one in which markets play a major role. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the role of the state actually expanded in the industrial realm, and since the late 1990s, about one third of all industrial output is from state-owned industries. It may be amazing for many people because this proportion is much greater even than in other state capitalist economies across the developing world.

 

Since 1984, China has made continuous progress in economic domain and even almost every aspect. China has been growing rapidly and its GDP, as an indicator favored by economists to measures the affluence, rises in an astonishing speed each year. Accordingly, the Engel coefficient decreases as the China's living standards improves. Now China has transformed from a very underdeveloped country to the world's second largest economy.

 

China have witnessed gigantic development in the past 20-odd years. It is proved again that China's success can be attributed to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is a path leading the whole China to rejuvenation, development and prosperity. More importantly, politics, education, culture and peaceful environment cannot be ignored in any discussion of Chinese development, and reforms in financial system, fiscal system, and governmental institution also owe to the success.

 

References:

 

Burying Mao: Chinese politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping (1994) - by Richard Baum

China's development strategy and the sources of China's growth (2007) - by Bian, ke

Chinese Economic Development (2009) - Chris Bramall