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环境言论
Environmental Discourses
对于同一件事情,每个人都有着不同的见解与想法,有有着不同的解决方式和方法,当前对于气候而言,也存在着不同的视角和多种的观点,这些观念都可能在不同的地方对环境引起不同的影响.
Among any group of people there is likely to be different opinions on the same subject as different people interpret issues and solutions in different ways. The current discussion and debate surrounding climate change its existence and ways to address it has multiple perspectives. These perspectives will shape and influence differing business responses. This paper aims to outline and discuss the different perspectives or competing discourses surrounding this subject. Before examining the prevailing viewpoints on climate change it is helpful to first define the term climate change.
Climate change is a statistical description of weather conditions and their variations including both averages and extremes. Climate change is a change in the average pattern of weather over a long period of time. Greenhouse gases play an important role in determining climate and causing climate change (Australian Academy of Science 2010, p.3).
Climate change has been framed as a scientific, economic, environmental, social and political issue to name a few. At its heart regardless of your viewpoint many would agree it is a wicked problem. Dryzek (1997) gives special attention to complex issues, predominantly environmental.
Environmental issues do not present themselves in well defined boxes labelled radiation, national parks(...). Instead they are interconnected in all kinds of ways(...). Thus environmental problems tend to be interconnected and multi dimensional: they are in a word complex (Dryzek 1997, p.8)
An example of these types of complex environmental issues where there is a various opinions and perspectives is the current range of debates or discourses around climate change. There are bodies of consensus around climate change its existence, causes and ways to address it in the future; each has its own discourse.http://www.ukassignment.org/dxygassignment/
A discourse is a shared way of apprehending the world. Embedded in language, it enables those who subscribe to it to interpret bits of information and put them together into coherent stories or accounts (Dryzek 1997, p.9).
气候变化言论
Climate change discourses
Schools of thought around climate change range from rejecting that there is an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere, whether that has an effect on the climate, whether the change climate is anthropogenic, to those groups that believe technology and market intervention will redress the imbalance to those who attest that no amount of growth in greenhouse gas emissions is acceptable. Based on the current discursive landscape of climate change there are four discourses that can be identified:
Denialists
Fatalists
Technologists
Strong Environmentalists.
气候变化的影响
Figure 1 Climate Change discourses
For the purposes of this paper we describe each of these as separate and discrete perspectives. Each perspective is represented in simple form in figure 1 (above) and is then briefly outlined in turn. This model is a device to help you understand the diversity of perspectives. In reality, any given business strategy may be shaped by one or more of these perspectives. As you read through the following sections you may find agreement with several points across the perspectives.
Denialists
气候变化的理论证明了气候不是自然改变的，而是因为人为的干扰。他们认为,全球气候的变化是一个正常的过程,这其实也是因为地理条件的限制。提出这种言论的人包括澳大利亚气候怀疑论者和一些澳大利亚气候科学联盟(中心)以及伽利略运动。
The Climate Change denialists attest that our climate is not changing and the changes are not caused by human intervention. They argue that changes in global temperature are part of a normal process and geographically limited. Advocates of this discourse include the Australian Climate Sceptics and several groups including the Australian Climate Science Coalition (ACSC) and the Galileo Movement. Both of these groups question the current climate science and oppose regulation on greenhouse gases.
The Galileo Movement was founded by two retirees after organising an Australian tour by UK based former politician Christopher Monckton, who has come to public attention for holding skeptical views about man-made climate change. The purpose and aim of the movement is to ‘to expose misrepresentations pushing a price on carbon dioxide'(Galileo Movement 2011). The movement is addressing this by
Exposing UN IPCC misrepresentation of science, climate and Nature;
· Presenting real-world science and advocating for scientific evidence as the basis of policy;
· Revealing economic damage from needless additional taxation burdening people already reeling under high and rising costs of living;
· Revealing environmental damage of bureaucratic control taxing and 'trading' carbon dioxide (Galileo Movement 2011).
The ACSC states ‘we do not believe that past and current climates are sufficiently well understood to enable projections of future climate changes to be accurately predicted’(Australian Climate Science Coalition 2012). Below is an excerpt from a charter reached at a 2008 conference of supporters which summaries the views of climate change denialists.
The Middlebury Community Network
Editorial: The Great Global Warming Hoax?
(...) Our planet has been slowly warming since last emerging from the "Little Ice Age" of the 17th century, often associated with the Maunder Minimum. Before that came the "Medieval Warm Period", in which temperatures were about the same as they are today. Both of these climate phenomena are known to have occurred in the Northern Hemisphere, but several hundred years prior to the present, the majority of the Southern Hemisphere was primarily populated by indigenous peoples, where science and scientific observation was limited to non-existent. Thus we cannot say that these periods were necessarily "global".
然而,“全球变暖”在最近的历史时期一直是一个不争的事实,没有人能否认。
However, "Global Warming" in recent historical times has been an undisputable fact, and no one can reasonably deny that. But we're hearing far too often that the "science" is "settled", and that it is mankind's contribution to the natural CO2 in the atmosphere has been the principal cause of an increasing "Greenhouse Effect", which is the root "cause" of global warming. We're also hearing that "all the world's scientists now agree on this settled science", and it is now time to quickly and most radically alter our culture, and prevent a looming global catastrophe. And last, but not least, we're seeing a sort of mass hysteria sweeping our culture which is really quite disturbing.
That human-caused climate change is not a global crisis (Penden 2008).
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