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Fundamentals of International Business
国际商务基础
Week 1 (2):
Key Issues & Concepts
关键问题和概念
Studying International Business.
国际商务研究。
The starting point of (academic) research and that of (practical) business analysis are basically the same;
（学术）研究（实用）业务分析的出发点基本上是相同的;
Questioning;
- Who? (who is/was involved?)
- What? (what happened/is happening?)
- Where?, Why?, When? How?
- Is it true/accurate/agreeable? etc.
Then, focus on the key question.
What is International Business?
国际业务是什么？
• Transactions devised and carried out across national borders to satisfy the objectives of individuals and organizations.
交易跨越国界的制定和开展，以满足个人和组织的目标。
• Performance of trade and investment activities by firms across national borders.
企业跨越国界的贸易和投资活动的表现。
How differ from domestic business?
如何不同于国内业务？
• The “playing field” (countries, contexts) are different.
• International transactions involve converting money into different currencies.
• The range of problems confronted in an international business is wider.
• The problems can be more complex than those in a domestic business.
• Firms have to find ways to work within the limits imposed by the government polices (e.g. trade
tariff and investment regulations).
The Nature of International Business
国际商业性质
• All value-adding activities including sourcing, manufacturing, and marketing, can be performed in international locations.
• The subject of cross-border trade can be products, services, capital, technology, know how, and labor.
• Firms internationalize through exporting, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, and collaborative ventures.
Internationalization of Business
业务国际化
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• Companies conduct value-adding activities on a global scale, i.e. organize, source, manufacture, market, etc.
• Firm’s international expansion is made more compelling and appealing due to the globalization of market and production –for all types of firms (large and small; manufacturing and service sectors).
What is Globalization?
全球化的概念
Globalizationrefers to the ongoing shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.
Globalization has two facets:
1)the globalization of markets
2)the globalization of production
1) The Globalization of Markets:
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace.
2)The Globalization of Production:
The sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production.
Drivers of Globalization
全球化的驱动者
Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization:
• The decline in trade barriers to the flow of goods, services, and capital, which has occurred since the end of World War II.
• Technological change
The Role of Technological Change
科技进步的作用
• Low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplace.
• Low-cost transportation help create global markets.
• Global communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture and a global market for consumer products.
• However, also note that there are resistance/opposite movements.
International Trade: Key terms
国际贸易：关键词
• International Trade:
Exchanging of products/services across national borders; typically through importing and exporting.
• Importing / Global Sourcing:
Procurement of products/ services from suppliers located abroad for consumption in the home
country or a third country.
• Exporting
Sale of products/services to customers located abroad, from a base in the home country or a third
country.
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