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Antonio Vivaldi was born on March 4, 1678 in Venice, the Capital of the Republic of Venice and was the oldest of nine brothers and sisters. His father, Giovanni Battista, was the son of a tailor. Giovanni was a barber when Antonio was born and in 1685, became a full-time violinist at St. Mark’s under the surname Rossi. His mother, Camilla Calicho, also happened to be the daughter of a tailor. When Antonio was born, he was immediately baptized by the midwife, most likely because an earthquake had shaken Venice earlier than day. His official church baptism did not take place until several months later. 安东尼奥维瓦尔第是出世于1678年3月4日在威尼斯，威尼斯共和国的首都，是最古老的九个兄弟姐妹。他的父亲，乔凡尼巴蒂斯塔，是一个裁缝的儿子。乔凡尼是一位理发师在安东尼奥出世，1685，成为了一名全职的小提琴家在圣马克在姓罗西。他的母亲，卡米拉calicho，也正好是一个裁缝的女儿。当安东尼奥出世，他立即被受洗的助产士，很可能是因为地震撼动了威尼斯早一天。他的官方教会的洗礼并没有发生，直到几个月后。 Antonio Vivaldi entered the priesthood in 1693 and was ordained in 1703. During this time, Antonio was learned to play the violin with his father as his teacher. Within a year of his ordination, Antonio no longer wished to celebrate mass because he complained of “tightness of the chest” which was probably some type of asthma or nervous disorder. There were also rumors that he may have been faking the illness. Other stories describes times when Antonio left the alter in order to quickly jot down a musical idea in the sacristy. Obviously, he had become a priest against his own will, perhaps because training for the priesthood in those times was one way a boy from a poor family could obtain free schooling. 安东尼奥维瓦尔第在1693和在1703被任命为牧师。在这段时间里，安东尼奥学会了与他的父亲为他的老师拉小提琴。一年内，他的任命，安东尼奥不再希望弥撒，因为他抱怨“胸紧”，这可能是某种类型的哮喘或神经障碍。也有传言说他可能是假装生病。其他故事描述的时候，安东尼奥离开了改变为了迅速记下音乐的想法在更衣室。很明显，他已经成为一个对自己会牧师，也许是因为在那个时代的祭司的训练是从一个贫困家庭的孩子可以得到免费教育。 In December of 1703, Antonio became maestro di violino (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. This was one of four such institutions in Venice. Although termed an orphanage, this Ospedale was actually a home for the female children of nobleman and their numerous affairs with their mistresses therefore was well endowed by the anonymous fathers. The young ladies were well looked after and the musical standards were among the highest in Venice and the Ospedale's orchestra and choir was well renowned. Vivaldi wrote for them most of his concertos, cantatas, and sacred music. In 1704 the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duty as violin instructor. Vivaldi remained teaching at the Ospedale until 1709, when his appointment was not renewed. After a year as a free-lance musician working for the Teatro Sant’ Angelo, an opera theater, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711. He became responsible for the musical activity of the institute in 1713 and was promoted to maestro de' concerti in 1716. During his years at Ospedale della Pietà, Vivaldi wrote much of his music, including may operas and concerti. In 1705, the first collection of his works was published, Raccolta. In 1709 a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin & basso continuo, Opus 2, appeared. In 1711, twelve concerti he had written for one, two, and four violins with strings, L'estro Armonico (Opus 3), were published in Amsterdam by music publisher Estienne Roger. In 1713, the Ospedale della Pietà gave Vivaldi one month’s leave in order to stage his first opera, Ottone in villa, in Vicenza. The end of 1716 was a high point for Antonio Vivalda as far as his theatrical activities were concerned. The Ospedale della Pietà performed his forst great oratorio, Judith Triumphans devicta Holofernis barbaric, an allegorical description of the victory of the Venetians over the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfù in August of 1716. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the Pietà, both for the female and male characters. Many of the arias included parts by solo instruments that showcased girl’s talents, recorders, oboes, clarinets, viola d'amore, and mandolins. Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi. His modern operatic style was not well accepted by other more conservative musicians, like Benedetto Marcello. Marcello was a magistrate and amateur musician and wrote a pamphlet called Il teatro alla moda against Vivaldi and the modern style of opera. The cover of the has a caricature of Vivaldi playing the violin. Vivaldi moved to Mantua near the end of 1717 to take the position as Chamber Capellmeister of the court of the prince Phillip of Hesse-Darmstadt, the governor of Mantua. His job there involved providing operas, canatats, and concert music as well. He remained there for two or three years and produced several more operas, Armida and Tito Manlio. In 1721, Vivaldi moved to Rome. His operas introduced the new style and the new pope Benedict XIII invited him to play for him. Vivaldi moved back to Venice in 1725 with aspiring young singer Anna Giraud, an acquaintance he met while in Mantua. She moved in with him as well as her sister, Paolina. According to Vivaldi, Anna was no more than a housekeeper and a good friend. He went on to produce four more operas in that year. Some time in this period between 1717 and 1725, Vivaldi wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos depicting natural scenes in music. The first concerto, "Spring," borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of his opera Il Giustino which was written at the same time. The next three of the concerti are of original compositions. The inspiration for them is believed to be the countryside around Mantua. The concertos were a revolution in musical conception. Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing, barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties (both from the hunter's and the prey's point of view), frozen landscapes, children ice-skating, and burning fires. Each concerto was associated with a sonnet written by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. These concertos were published in Amsterdam in 1725 as the first four of a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'Armonia e dell'Inventione, his Opus 8. The remaining concertos were Storm at Sea, Pleasure, and The Hunt. These concertos were enormously successful. In 1730, Vivaldi traveled to the music-loving city of Prague with his father and Anna Giraud. His opera Farnace was presented as well as two new operas during the 1730-1731 season. Vivaldi's life ended in financial difficulties. He decided to sell off many of his manuscripts because they no longer held the popularity they once did in Venice. He ended up selling them off very cheaply in order to travel to Vienna. It is believed that Vivaldi moved to Vienna in 1740 or 1741 under the patronage of Charles VI who unfortunately died shortly after his arrival. Vivaldi himself passed away on July 28, 1741 due to “internal fire,” most likely the asthma that plagued him his entire life. He was buried in a modest grave next to the Karlskirche in Vienna, at the site of the Technical Institute. Vivaldi’s compositions included over 500 concertos; 350 of which are for solo instrument and strings while about 230 are for violin. The remaining compositions are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, and mandolin. He also composed 46 operas and 73 sonatas, in addition to chamber music and sacred music. His most famous work is believed to be Le Quattro Stagioni (The Four Seasons). |
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