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论文题目：How true is it that corporations are taking over state and public welfare responsibilities and how might social and political movements moderate or challenge such developments?
论文语种：英文
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您的国家：英国
您的学校背景：英国BATH大学
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Table of content
Introduction 4
What are Corporations? 4
The development of corporations 4
How true is that corporations are taking over the state and public welfare. 5
How might social and political movements moderate or challenge such developments of corporations. 7
Conclusions 8
Reference 9
Introduction
The growing global power of corporations is becoming a central issue. Will they bring a "New World Order" that will change our lives? These are all unknows. According to 2000, Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs). The problem is that in economically backward countries, due to favorable investment conditions and can not refuse the temptation of a multinational investment; and after that, in the status of the individual consumer is also impossible to resist the services provided by multinational corporations, even more often, information is always in a weak position. This is the obvious drawbacks of globalization, just as the universality of globalization, as in every corner of the world in the event of similar incidents, especially in the developed economy market, Europe and the United States market even more. So, how true is it that corporations are taking over state and public welfare responsibilities and how might social and political movements moderate or challenge such developments will be my topic.
What are Corporations?
The first Commercial Corporation was created by direct unlawful action by the members of the company. From that date onwards our democratic right to control what Corporations do has been eroded and diminished until no control remained at all. Corporations and Governments have defined this erosion of control as being the liberation of Corporations from the shackles of the past. Corporations have achieved this "liberation" by breaking the law on mass until the Courts and the Government gave up trying to control them. Corporations are the main vehicle for globalization. In 20th century, since the 80's, with the rapid process of globalization, the rapid rise of multinational corporations. Some large corporations’ annual sales were more than most countries’ GDP.#p#分页标题#e#
The development of corporations
The modern corporation dates back to 1601, when Queen Elizabeth I created the East India Trading Company. At the time, the concept of a corporation was quite different than today. Corporations were small, quasi-government institutions chartered by the crown for a specific purpose. The idea was to bring together investors interested in financing large projects, such as exploration. At that time, all the corporations are under kings and queens’ control, investors have to pay for any harm or loss caused by the company. Slowly, though, corporations were gaining power. In 1819, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward that states could not alter a contract granted by a previous legislature, leaving Dartmouth’s King George III-granted charter in tact and creating a framework of protection for corporations against government encroachment. After that corporations start to influence the policymaking, changed the rule they owned. In response Delaware pass a General Corporation Law in 1899 that allowed corporations to write any provisions they wished in creating, defining, limiting and regulating the power of the corporations. Corporations are taking over the state and public welfare responsibilities, the government set out to deal with the problem.
How true is that corporations are taking over the state and public welfare.
Corporations is a global actor, its allocation of resources to achieve global optimization, global chase for the purpose of maximizing profits. First of all, so they must be taken into account the company's interests and objectives rather than the interests of any country and objectives.
Corporations transfer of the developed capitalist countries of Western production and jobs, reduce the government's tax and social welfare state building sources of funding, exacerbated by the social welfare state crisis. http://www.ukassignment.org/ "Multinational corporations weakened the country's social redistribution of functions.
corporations, as well as between countries in the increasingly close economic interdependence, interdependent relations are constantly "erosion" of national sovereignty, enabling the country in dealing with their domestic and foreign affairs, the highest management of internal and external independence will inevitably be a constraint. Corporations issue a serious challenge in various fields to the sovereignty of the country's economic sovereignty. With a huge scale of production and management of large organizations, corporations have become the the main organizers and bearer of the international division of labor and international trade, the internal trade of corporations equal the volume of 1 / 3 of the world's total trade. It is continuing to affect the way of the international trade and future development trends, thereby affecting international trade theory, policy, and inevitably involves the nation-state sovereignty and interests.#p#分页标题#e#
At the same time, the production of technological innovation and transfer of control was also firmly in the hands of corporations, in developed countries 500 largest corporations in control of these countries 90% of the production technology. Similarly, corporations on technology transfer as a result of strict and effective control, often making technology behind the development of the host country in a passive dependence on the status of the formation of economic dependency development, weakened the country's economic dominance.
These large corporations will inevitably affect many government policies and in many public welfare. Corporations as a great interest groups in government policy-making process, often taken by various means, directly or indirectly, to influence government decision-making, as much as possible in order to safeguard their own benefits. Corporations in order to take precedence in international competition, it may direct the use of the Government's efforts for their own services. The developing countries in order to seize the development opportunities brought about by globalization, to make every effort to attract corporations and high-tech to set up their countries. In order to attract corporations' investment and technology transfer, developing countries have to make substantial concessions, such as reducing or revocation of the various tariffs.
Corporations are often able to more easily find in developing countries preferential investment places, cheap and abundant labor force, higher expected returns. When labor dispute happen in developing countries, the Government normally unprincipled corporations stand aside and pressure to persuade its own workers, showed strong capital compromise.
Corporations on the impact of national sovereignty not only in economic aspects, is also reflected in the adoption of economic instruments involved in the political sphere. It can directly support the bribery of certain political parties and their candidates, or in the form of financial assistance to the coup, about the host country's political process. Of course, corporations are not for all countries at all times have a decisive influence and even be able to dominate the country's fate. In general, the corporations in the host country will have economic and political implications, the extent of this impact and scope of the host country depends on government capacity and economic strength, stringent policies and regulations, the strength of corporations, relations with the host country and many other factors, it is difficult to generalize.
Corporate social responsibility is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the environment. The practice of CSR is subject to much debate and criticism. Proponents argue that there is a strong business case for CSR, in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits. Critics argue that CSR distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-dressing; still others argue that it is an attempt to preempt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations.#p#分页标题#e#
How might social and political movements moderate or challenge such developments of corporations.
In the "plight of sovereignty" some liberal scholars have issued a state should give way to the market slogans. In their view, not only corporations through free trade and finance, but also through the internationalization of production so that international economic integration.
Corporations decision-making goes beyond national boundaries, thus the first time in the history of mankind to achieve world-wide production, marketing and optimizing the allocation of investment. In this case, the nation-state has become obsolete, in order to maximize the efficiency of the world economy and domestic welfare, the state should be on economic affairs losing control of corporations.
There are three reason for this argument.
First, in an economic integration of the world, if any country from the world economic market, will pay a very heavy price. This is not only because of economic efficiency will drop, but also ordinary people would bring about welfare losses.
Second, the corporations has grown to be self-independent actors, in a battle with the nation-state, transnational corporations the upper hand. Corporations can not leave the assets away from a country, so that the country will be facing the capital, unemployment and trade deficit problems. Although the nation-state remains the only legitimate tools of violence monopoly, but in the economic interdependence and the era of nuclear weapons, violence is not the country can use the tools, violence can not solve the economic difficulties facing the country.
Third, technology, industry promotion and transfer would enable the developing countries benefit from economic integration. With the developed countries, technological progress and industrial upgrading, manufacturing labor costs will be relatively inexpensive transfer to developing countries, thereby stimulating technological progress in these countries and economic development.
On the other hand, there are some people don't agree this argument at all. They still from the state, sovereignty, hegemony perspective in the context of globalization of corporations.
Although corporations in international economic affairs in a decisive, but the nation-state is still in play a leading role. Whether the relationship between corporations and the host country, or corporations and the relationship between the country of origin, "in the nation-state and corporations to scramble for power struggle, the advantage there is still the nation state.
Based on the free market, opening up and the success of the international economy depends on the stability and the political basis for friendly. There are three conditions to form this stability and the political basis.
1) one or several countries must be accompanied by economic and political leadership.
2) a stable international economy must be built on the major economic powers based on cooperation.#p#分页标题#e#
3) the peoples of the world must believe in free trade and other forms of international business is beneficial to them.
Although corporations play an important role, but it generated around the South and the North does not like other aspects of the conflict so sharply. All actors recognize the sovereign state has the right to control their borders within the economic activities. No country restrictions, multinational companies can not function.
Conclusions
Any observation, analysis and research of contemporary world economy and international relations scholars can not ignore the existence of corporations. Corporations for global investment, production and management has profoundly changed the contemporary world economy and political structure and operation mode. Although the scholars on the definition of globalization, the origin, dynamics and impact of issues such as disputes. But even the most extreme skeptic has to admit that " corporations are the engine of international business," the basic reality. corporations are the main and driving force of globalization, multinational corporations is also the era of globalization the new contradictions and new progress in the concentration of the representative. In this sense, both the traditional international political and economic studies, or the emerging theory of globalization, multinational corporations have on the very significant position. The rise of globalization theory research for corporations to provide a new concept of the structure and context, and guidelines for the study to the deeper, broader direction. In the new international political and economic reality, traditional liberalism, dependency theory and the theory of mercantilism mode with varying degrees of rise and fall and transformation. However, corporations has not fundamentally change the international political and economic power structure, security, wealth, free and fair value of these four basic concept is still the study of transnational corporations dominate the values of the community.
The state and the market, freedom and justice, hegemony and wealth, multinational corporations and national sovereignty, this series is still the decision of international political economy of transnational corporations on the basic areas of research and theoretical dividing line.
Reference
Corporate Watch various articlesAre corporations taking over the world? John W. Schoen When corporations rule the world David C. Korten Second edition
Corporate social responsibility atSusan Strage,The Retreat of the State:The Diffusion of Power in the World
Economy.Car-nbridge:Cambridge University Press.1996:3～15,91～99）
The History of the Corporation Lee Drutman atJoan E.Spero,The Politics ofInternational Economic Relations,Secondedition,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,1981,pp.109-119.)
Raymond Vernon,Sovereignty at Bay:The Multinational Spread of U.S.Enterprises,New York & London:Basic Books,Inc Publishers,1971,pp.231—232
Kenichi Ohmae,The End of Nation State:The Rise of Regional Economies,(NewYork:the Free Press,1995),p.5
Mixed Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility:Experiences of Indonesia
Yanti Koestoer
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