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In the study of Li, Guo (2009) which was focused on examining the income issues in tourism in relation to interest rates rents and profits on income of tourist businesses he asserts that an important component of the economic development of every nation is the ability to identify the tax group and imposed the appropriate forms of tax. He argues that when businesses are organized, taxes such as Valued Added Tax and hotel taxes are easily assessed for payments. In this way the government receives income on the operation of these businesses in order to support other segments of the society. In his conclusion he dwelt on the issue of direct income received by government on the tourism facilities that are directly under the management of the government. He says that major tourism cities such as Dubai, ownership resides in the central government who uses the gains from the facilities to support their economy.
Holloway (2009) presents the global income trends in tourism as a proportion of the gross national income to buttress the fact that the income from tourism is a major reason why tourism is considered to be of immense economic importance. Citing the 2008 annual report of the World Tourism Organisation, he identified that receipts from international tourism increased to nine hundred and forty four billion United States dollars (approximately six hundred and forty two billion pound sterling) in 2008 a figure which corresponds to an increase in real terms of 1.8 percent from 2007 (Gebhard et al, 2009). He is of the view that the figure is without the export value of international tourism passenger transport which if added puts the figure for the total receipts from income at a record of one trillion and one billion United States dollars a figure which indicates an all time record of approximately three billion United States dollar on a daily basis.
On the basis of this overwhelming evidence, he concludes that if the global economy were to be without this figure in 2008 especially when the global economic crisis was at its peak the world would have then known the importance of the tourism sector to the development of the economy. In the study of Hall and Michael (2009), they were interested in the proportionate contribution in terms of income to the economies of certain countries considered to be at the top of reception of income as well as expenditure on tourism. Their research was focused on the United States, Spain, France, Italy, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, Turkey and Austria. In relation to income from tourism, he found out that in the United States of America, international tourism receipts have consistently grown from 2006 until in 2009 when it took a downward trend. The results shows that income from international tourism receipts in 2006 was eighty five billion and eight hundred million United States dollars while the figure in 2007 went up to ninety seven billion and one hundred million United States dollars. In 2008 the figure appreciated in comparison with the previous year’s reaching up to one hundred and ten billion and one hundred million United States dollars while the figure of ninety four billion and two hundred million United State dollars recorded as the total income from international tourism travel in the to the United States of America was a decline from the previous year. The case of Spain was not too different from the trends in America as the study showed that in relation to income from tourism Spain’s international tourism receipts have consistently grown from 2006 until in 2009.
The study shows that shows that income from international tourism receipts in 2006 was fifty one billion and one hundred million United States dollars while the figure in 2007 appreciated to fifty seven billion and six hundred million United States dollars. In 2008 the figure went up in comparison with the previous year’s hitting an all time highest of sixty one billion and six hundred million United States dollars. In 2007 the figure of fifty three billion and two hundred million United State dollars recorded as the total income from international tourism travel in Spain was a decline from the previous year.
The researcher also investigated the trends of income receipt from international tourism in France and found out that like the case in the United States of America and Spain income from international tourism receipts have consistently grown from 2006 until in 2009 when it reduced considerably a case that is suspected to be a direct result of the global economic crisis of that period. The data as provided from his review of the reports of the Bureau for Tourism Development in France over the four year period shows that income from international tourism receipts in 2006 was forty six billion and three hundred million United States dollars while the figure in 2007 increased significantly to fifty four billion and three hundred million United States dollars. In 2008 the figure increased in relation to the previous year’s figure by going up to fifty five billion and six hundred million United States dollars while the figure of forty eight billion and seven hundred million United State dollars recorded as the total income from international tourism travel in the to the United States of America was a decline from the previous year.The importance of tourism generating income for economic development has not only being limited to the group of eight most industrialized nations as there the World Tourism Organisation provides evidence to suggest that in Italy and Turkey international tourism receipts have constantly being on the rise since the year 2006 until in 2009 the growth was curtailed by the fact that a number of factors basically in relation to national insecurity deterred a number of international tourist from patronizing tourism facilities in Istanbul, Ankara and other parts of the country where the tourism potential was considered to enjoy high patronage. Even in such an unfavorable business conditions the contribution of the tourism sector to the development of Turkey was evident in the statistics given. The main source of information for measuring the impact of tourism in Turkey was the annual report of the ministry of Trade an Tourism whose figures confirms the fact that income from international tourism receipts in 2006 was sixteen billion and nine hundred million United States dollars while the figure in 2007 went up to eighteen billion and five hundred million United States dollars. In 2008 the figure appreciated in comparison with the previous year’s reaching up to twenty two billion United States dollars while the figure of twenty one billion and three hundred million United State dollars recorded as the total income from international tourism travel in the to the United States of America was a decline from the previous year (Zhao et al, 2009).
Studies into the contribution of income to the development of national economies has been carried out by Cui (2009) in China and Australia while Eagles (2009) has also focused on three of the group of eight most industrialized nations namely Italy Great Britain and Germany. A third study has been carried out on the economic benefits of tourism in Austria. In relation to studies in Italy, it was noted that between the years 2006 and 2008, there was a continuous rise in income generated from international tourism until the sector suffered a downward trend in 2009. The findings of the study shows that the contribution of the tourism sector to the development of the economy of Italy was thirty eight billion and one hundred million United States dollars in 2006 with the figure appreciating by four billion and six hundred million United States Dollars in 2007. The figure for the year 2008 shows that the sector grew by three billion United States Dollars while the sector fell by an approximate value of five billion and five hundred million in tourism income for the year 2009 (Zhao et al, 2008). #p#分页标题#e#
In the case of studies in Australia, it was noted that unlike the other countries there has been a continuous rise in the proportion of income generated from tourism to the economy for the period from the year 2006 to 2009. The findings of the study shows that the contribution of the tourism sector to the development of the economy of Italy was seventeen billion and eight hundred million United States dollars in 2006 with the figure appreciating by four billion and five hundred million United States Dollars in 2007.
The figure for the year 2008 shows that the sector grew by two billion and five hundred United States Dollars with an additional growth of eight hundred million United States dollars in tourism income for the year 2009. In studies into the effectiveness of tourism development in economy growth in the United Kingdom, it is noted that the contribution has been very significant in terms of employment and income generation. An analysis of the performance of the sector for the period between the year 2006 and 2009 followed similar trends in other major European countries which has been talked about already. In this regard the researcher noted that in 2006 the contribution of the sector to the gross domestic product of the United Kingdom was thirty four billion and sixty million United States dollars while the sector recorded thirty eight billion and six hundred million United States dollars in 2007 which was a massive improvement on the performance of the sector for the prior year. In the year 2008 the British economy grew by additional thirty six billion United States dollars. In 2009 even though the British tourism sector contributed thirty billion and one hundred million United State dollars to the economy the figure was a decline of the contribution for the sector to the entire economy.
Eagles (2009) studied the effectiveness of tourism development in economic growth in Germany and found out that the significance of this sector to the economy is in its ability to generate a reasonable proportion of employment and income to support the economy. When the sector was analysed in relation to other sectors for the year 2006 to the year 2009, it was noted that in 2006 the contribution of the sector to the gross domestic product to the German economy was thirty two billion and eight hundred million United States dollars while the sector recorded thirty six billion million United States dollars in 2007 which was a massive improvement on the performance of the sector for the prior year. In the year 2008 the German economy grew by additional forty billion United States dollars. In 2009 even though the German tourism sector contributed thirty four billion and seven hundred million United State dollars to the economy the figure was a decline of the contribution for the sector to the entire economy.
The last area of study where the tourism has been an effective tool for economic development through the contributions to employment, income generation, taxation, balance of payment deficiency correction was in the Austrian economy. In that study the researcher sought to find out the extent to which the sector has been a major factor to economic development in comparison with other sectors. When the contribution of the sector was analysed in relation to the sporting sector it was noted that while the tourism sector contributed twenty five billion and forty million United States dollars to the economy whereas the sports sector contributed less that eighty percent of this figure in 2006. In 2007 the comparative analysis disclosed that the tourism sector was largely responsible for twenty one billion and eight hundred million United States dollars whereas the sports sector contributed eight five percent of this figure. In 2008 and 2009 the segment was responsible for eighteen billion and nine hundred United State dollars and sixteen billion and six hundred million United States dollars respectively while the sports sector contributed almost ninety percent of the above figures. |
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