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马来西亚——一个联邦君主立宪制国家
马来西亚成立于1963年，也正是这一年，英国的前殖民地——新加坡以及婆罗洲北部海岸的沙巴和沙捞越加入了这个联邦。在刚刚成立的前几年，联邦的独立性受到了共产主义叛乱的破坏，马来西亚与印尼之间呈敌对状态，菲律宾又声称对沙巴拥有主权，而且新加坡也在1965年脱离了联邦。
马来西亚是东南亚联邦君主立宪制。它由十三个州和三个联邦组成，总陆地面积为329847平方公里(127350平方英里)，被中国南海分为了两个同样大小的地区——马来西亚半岛和马来西亚婆罗洲。
马来西亚在陆地上与泰国、印度尼西亚和文莱相连，海上与新加坡、越南和菲律宾相邻。首都吉隆坡，而布城是其联邦政府所在地。2010，马来西亚的人口超过了2750万，其中超过了2000万的人生活在半岛上。
马来西亚的领土包含了欧亚大陆最南端的丹绒比亚。
Malaysia Is A Federal Constitutional Monarchy Economics Essay
Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore as well as Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's independence were marred by a Communist insurgency, Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's departure from the Federation in 1965
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo.
Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia contains the southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai. Located in the tropics, it is a megadiverse country, with large numbers of endemic flora and fauna. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in politics. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on English Common Law. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedom of religion. The head of state is the King, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
Malaysia is the 67th largest country by total land area, with a land area of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi). It has land borders with Thailandin West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia. It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway, and also has maritime boundaries withVietnam and the Philippines.
The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention. Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia, with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts.
Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago. Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia. The Strait of Malacca, lying betweenSumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 per cent of the world's trade.
The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area, extends 740 kilometres (460 mi) from north to south, and its maximum width is 322 kilometres (200 mi).
It is divided between its east and west coasts by theTitiwangsa Mountains, part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula. These mountains are heavily forested, and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape.
The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems. The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the peninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 kilometres (1,200 mi) long, although harbours are only available on the western side.
East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 kilometres (1,620 mi). It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak, dividing the state of Sabah. It is the location of the 4,095.2 metres (13,436 ft) high Mount Kinabalu, the tallest mountain in Malaysia.
Mount Kinabalu is protected as the Kinabalu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves, the largest cave system in the world.
Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands, the largest of which is Banggi. The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons.
The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans. Humidity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is 250 centimetres (98 in). The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland, lowland, and coastal. Climate change is likely to affect sea levels and rainfall, increasing flood risks and leading to droughts.
Malaysia is very rich in infrastructure. The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia. Its telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4.7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers. The country has seven international ports, the major one being the Port Klang.
There are 200 industrial parks along with specialized parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park. Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.
Malaysia's road network covers 98,721 kilometers and includes 1,821 kilometers of expressways. The longest highway of the country, the North-South Expressway, extends over 800 kilometers between the Thai border and Singapore. The road systems in East Malaysia are less developed and of lower quality in comparison to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia has 118 airports, of which 38 are paved. The country's official airline is Malaysia Airlines, providing international and domestic air service alongside two other carriers. The railway system is state-run, and covers a total of 1,849 kilometers. Relatively inexpensive elevated Light Rail Transit systems are used in some cities, such as Kuala Lumpur. The Asian Rail Express is a railway service that connects Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok, and is intended to eventually stretch from Singapore to China.
Summarizing the Export-Import part of Malaysia. Malaysia's road network is extensive, covering 63,445 km, including 1,630 km of expressways. The main highway of the country extends over 800 km, reaching the Thai border from Singapore. The network of roads in Peninsular Malaysia is of high quality, whilst the road system in East Malaysia is not as well developed. The main modes of transport in Peninsular Malaysia include buses, trains, cars and to an extent, airplanes.
Malaysia has six international airports. The official airline of Malaysia is Malaysia Airlines, providing international and domestic air service alongside two other carriers. Most of the major cities are connected by air routes. The railway system is state-run, and covers a total of 1798 km, in Peninsula Malaysia only. Popular within the cities is Light Rail Transit, which reduces the traffic load on other systems, and is considered safe, comfortable and reliable.
Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, has been a trade hub for centuries. Since the beginning of history, Malacca has served as a fundamental regional commercial center for Chinese, Indian, Arab and Malay merchants for trade of precious goods. Today, Malaysia shares healthy trade relations with a number of countries, specifically the US. The country is associated with trade organizations, such as APEC, ASEAN and WTO. The ASEAN Free Trade Area that was established for trade promotion among ASEAN members also has Malaysia as its founding member. Malaysia has also signed Free Trade Agreements with countries including Japan, Pakistan, China and New Zealand.#p#分页标题#e#
Malaysia was once the world’s largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil. Its manufacturing sector has a crucial role in its economic growth. The export industry was hit hard during the late 2000 economic recession drastically dropping to 78% i.e. FDI to RM4.2 billion in the first two quarters of 2009. Total exports fell down to $156.4 billion in 2009 from $198.7 billion in 2008. The imports also reduced from 154.7 billion in 2008 to $119.5 billion 2009.
HOSPITALITY
The Food and Hospitality Industry has become one of the biggest employers in our state. It now has attained a much higher status in society and demands high standards of work from its employees. Employment opportunities are many, but eagerly sought by a vast majority of people. For this reason as in any other established business, interviews are conducted.
Through these interviews, the interviewer looks for personal qualities and interpersonal skills in a prospective employee to fulfill the job requirements. One of the most important things that an employer looks for are personal qualities. These consist of: a keen attitude, a friendly disposition, neat appearance, a willingness to work, confidence, cleanliness, personal hygiene, deportment (efficient) and honesty, among the many others. Interpersonal skills basically include the ability to interact with people and using initiative to deal with problems which may arise if the customer is not satisfied.
If interpersonal and personal skills are exercised then they will greatly contribute to a happy and successfully working environment. This can be accomplished by remembering to keep in mind the fundamental aspect of any catering establishment which is to "Always acknowledge that the customers are the most important people in the business, and nothing is more important than serving them." - An introduction to catering.
In order to complete the Occupational Analysis on the Tourism and Hospitality sector, all the information related to the Malaysian Tourism and Hospitality industry was gathered through literature survey and interviews with the industry experts from the public and private sectors. A workshop was held in an attempt to get a better understanding of the organisational structure, job titles, hierarchy objectives and primary activities of the job titles.
In Malaysia, the Tourism and Hospitality sector has a very strong potential to offer great opportunities in terms of employment as well as business especially in hotel and accommodation. Besides that, with strong government and private support, this sector could expand more in the future.
The Tourism and Hospitality sector as well as other related sectors will be developed further under the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) 2000-2006, to transform them into a strategic enabler to support and contribute directly to the growth of the economy. The Tourism and Hospitality sub sectors include Accommodation, Food and Beverages, Travel Agent, Housekeeping, Front Office and Kitchen.
Lack of skilled workers is identified as one (1) of the factors affecting the Tourism and Hospitality industry. Efforts to conduct the Occupational Analysis in the Tourism and Hospitality industry followed by developing the relevant National Occupational Skills Standard documents and training manuals by the Department of Skills Development are timely
The Malaysian Government has developed national development plans such as the Ninth Malaysian Plan and the Third Industrial Master Plan that are targeted at positioning Malaysia’s long-term competitiveness to meet the challenges of a fast changing global economic environment. Among the thrusts of these development plans are to sustain the Tourism and Hospitality services sector as a major source of growth.
The supply of a competent workforce with the requisite skills in key sectors of Malaysia’s economy, particularly in Tourism and Hospitality will be increased in line with industry demand. In addition, the intake into local skills training institutes and institutions of higher learning as well as the offering of emphasised courses will be expanded. Public-private sector collaboration for example the knowledge workers skills development program will also be promoted in specific areas.
University and industry collaboration and linkage will be enhanced to improve curriculum design to produce graduates with the relevant knowledge and skills required by the industry.
Looking to the current scenario, Hospitality is about compensating/equalising a stranger to the host, making him feel protected and taken care of, and at the end of his hosting, guiding him to his next destination. Hospitality is also known as the act of generously providing care and kindness to whoever is in need.
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The WTO (World Tourism Organization) defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".
CURRENT ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
YEAR ARRIVALS RECEIPTS
2003 10.5 million 21,291.1 million
2004 15.70 million 29,651.4 million
2005 16.43 million 31,954.1 million
2006 17.45 million 36,271.7 million
2007 20.9 million 46070.0 million
2008 22.0 million 49561.2 million
Malaysia welcomed 22,052,488 tourists in 2008, an increase of 5.1% year on year (y-o-y) and slightly above Government predictions of a 4% rise. The country had a particularly strong December, when 2,058,684 million arrivals represented a 9.2% increase y-o-y.
Singapore was again the most important source market for in-bound tourists, contributing 49.9% of the total arrivals. Other key markets included Indonesia (11.0%), Thailand (6.8%), Brunei (4.9%), China (including Hong Kong & Macau) (4.3%), India (2.5%), Japan (2.0%), Australia (1.9%), the Philippines (1.8%) and the United Kingdom (1.7%).
Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia
The vision of the ministry is to develop Malaysia into a leading tourism location and the mission is to implement the National Tourism Policy towards making the tourism industry the nation’s main source of income for the socio-economic development of the country. The National Tourism
Policy is to turn the tourism industry into a major, sustainable, viable and quality sector which contributes to the socio-economic development of the country.
The objectives of the Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia are:
To develop a sustainable tourism industry in order to generate a major source of income for the country;
To promote the tourism sector professionally, efficiently and continuously to meet the needs and preferences of foreign and local tourist; and
To strengthen and upgrade a quality service delivery system in order
to ensure tourist satisfaction. The functions of the Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia are:
To formulate the national tourism policy to achieve the Ministry’s vision, mission and objectives;
To implement policies pertaining to the progress and development of the tourism industry;
To co-ordinate, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of tourism programs.
The Malaysian Association of Hotels (MAH) is the umbrella body for hotels in Malaysia formed in 1974. Its vision is to build a workforce of highly skilled, innovative and disciplined individuals who will operate as one to enhance the efficiency of the hotel industry in its efforts to achieve the goals of Vision 2020 and beyond.As an official national network for the hotel industry, the Malaysian Association of Hotels (MAH) acts as a voice of the industry, working as one body to promote, protect, represent and advance the interests of its members.
MAH’s objectives:
To unite hotels in Malaysia into one representative body;
To promote and foster cooperation between hotels and all similar businesses within and without the areas of the Association;
To protect and advance the interest of all Ordinary Members and Associate Members and secure mutual advantages;
To encourage its members to provide quality service, to keep abreast of the changing needs of the travelling public, and to promote good relationships between the industry and the public;
To promote international, regional and domestic tourism;
To acquire, preserve and disseminate information and to provide educational programmes of value to the membership and the industry;
To stimulate fellowship and friendship among its Members;
To plan and organise project that will enhance productivity in the hotel industry;
To undertake human resources development programme;
To make representation on matters of interest affecting the industry to the local authorities, the State Government and the Federal Government, and other organisations within and without Malaysia;
To do anything proper, suitable and necessary for achieving these objectives and any others which are proper and lawful objectives of a national trade Association, all of which shall be consistent with the public interest as well as in the interest of the hotel industry.
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