指导加拿大本科essay:印刷品如何促进舆论的发展？

1. Emergence of prints 印刷品的出现

在十八世纪晚期的法国，版画的迅速发展使得与版画相关的创作成为艺术家交流的媒介。政治版画成为法国版画的主流，在舆论塑造过程和发展中发挥了重要作用。来自不同艺术家的印刷品有许多不同类型，所有这些艺术家的创作都呈现出“艺术发展的时代”，印刷品是一种响应时间和公共需求变化的简单方法。此外，由于其低成本和快速创造的优点，印刷品迅速发展。在舆论塑造和发展过程中，版画是表达思想，促进政治活动有效性的重要类型。

In late Eighteenth-century France, the rapid development of printmaking made the print-related creation becomes the medium of communications of artists. The political printmaking becomes the mainstream of prints in France and played an important role in the shaping process and development of public opinions. There are many different types of prints from different artists, and the creation of all these artists make the appearance of the”time for art development”, the prints is a simple method of responding to the change of time and the pubic needs. Also, the prints develops rapidly because of its advantages of low cost and rapid creation. In the shaping and development process of public opinions, the prints was an important type to express the ideas and promote the effectiveness of political activities and so on. 

 

2. Roles and contributions of prints in the development of public opinion版画在舆论发展中的作用和贡献

在18世纪后期，印刷品显着促进了舆论的发展。印刷品的作用和贡献可归纳如下：

首先，由于其突出的优点，印刷品形成了新型的大众媒体。版画和现代图书出版是一部伟大而迅速，富有表现力的政治出版物。出版物的主要类型是政治事件和典型的政治家。在关键事件中，版画在政治思想的表达中发挥了积极作用。它利用宗教的表达和传统的写照形成了一种新型的象征主义，这种象征意义可以被普通人容易理解。此外，在技术发展缓慢和公共传播期间，印刷品展示了大众媒体的类型。印刷品的优势使得图书出版成为一个具有巨大潜力的繁荣商业。印刷品有利于流行商业艺术的出现和繁荣。

During the period of late 18th century, the prints contributed to the development of public opinion significantly. And the roles and contributions of prints can be concluded as follows: 

Firstly, the print forms a new-mode mass medium because of its outstanding advantages. The prints and modern book publishing was a great and rapid, expressive political publications. The main type of publications were about the political events and typical politicians. In the critical events, the prints played a positive role in the expression of political ideas. it formed a new-type symbolism using the expression of religion and traditional portrayal, this symbolism can be easily understood by the ordinary people. In addition, the print brought out the type of mass medium during a period of slow technology development and public communications. The advantages of the prints made the book publishing become a prosperous business with the huge potential. The print is conducive to the emergence and prosperity of popular commercial art. 

Secondly, it promoted the creation of public expression and The print promoted the consistency of public opinions during the Revolution, and concentrated on the historical role of the Revolution, the public thinking formed a collective ideas about the society, the country, the people and the democracy. During the Revolution, the print was a strategical weapon to express the insightful and effective ides, and the creative works usually owned huge sales. There were many examples to illustrate the influence of these prints, The political fight and foreign policy energy, and the changing attitude to the king, the democracy system, led the public thinking of essential issues in France. These printing and publication activities were the demonstration of the creative initiative and spirit of engravers and publishers with a possible risk and yield in a new market. 

Thirdly, it formed a new-mode communication among the politics, the artists and the people. The print during the period of Revolution caught the mood and expectations of the people and trigger the emergence of the following creation of publishers and the ordinary people. The creation of some artists means the personification of the people and the change of their attitude. There was a typical contrast portrayal of life between the old regime and present regime which a powerful demonstration of artists’ attitude to the Revolution and the political/life change. The creation of some prints obtained the enlightenment of traditional copper engraving such as the monster that aroused the feeling of horror represented the extreme attitude to the political change. Of course, in the process of creation and publishing, in order to achieve the objectives of affecting the opinions of ordinary people, the content and form should be simple and artistic, instead of being crude and naive. 

 

3. Summary of Prints’ contributions印刷品贡献

The analysis of roles of prints can be beneficial to understand the change of social life and pictorial arts. The prints affects the shaping and development of public opinions through ways of rapid response, the enlightenment of traditional art types, the creative artistic expression and so on.