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目前中国的空气是非常致命并不是仅仅因为烟雾。中国大约有三亿的抽烟成年人士，而且有超过七亿的人群每天生活在二手烟的生活之中。中国正在为这样的环境付出很大的代价。中国有超过一半的男性以及有百分之二的女生有吸烟史。虽然目前并没有像奥地利及俄罗斯这些国家那么多，但是目前中国仍然是世界上最大的烟草消费国家。如果按照当时的趋势进行估计，本世纪将会有一亿的中国人会死于烟草有关的疾病中去。为此所要负担的经济损失会超过数百亿美金，而且这个数字会随着经济的发展进行上升。
中国已经开始关注这个问题了，毛泽东虽然也喜欢吸烟，但是已经很少有高级的领导人在公开的场合下吸烟。
THE air in China can be deadly and not just because of the smog. Some 300m Chinese adults are smokers and, with over 700m people exposed to second-hand smoke, the country is paying a high price for its addiction. The prevalence of smoking is greater in countries like Austria and Russia since, although more than half of Chinese men smoke, barely 2% of women do. But China is still the world’s largest cigarette market and, on present trends, 100m people stand to die from tobacco-related illnesses this century. The resultant economic burden—estimated in the tens of billions of dollars—will soar as the economy and the cost of health care grow.
China is starting to take notice of the problem. Mao Zedong smoked like a chimney but it is rare to see a senior leader smoking in public now. Peng Liyuan, China’s first lady, is even an official anti-smoking ambassador. China has also taken a number of policy measures. It ratified the World Health Organisation’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. The central government promoted a partial ban on smoking in public places at health-care facilities and in schools. Some large cities have announced restrictions on smoking in indoor public places.
Although these proclamations look impressive on paper, they have not amounted to much in practice. Smoking is less common than it was in urban offices and restaurants but China has hardly kicked the habit. In fact, the revenues of the Chinese cigarette-manufacturing industry shot up from 285 billion yuan ($47 billion) in 2005, when the FCTC was ratified, to 757 billion yuan in 2012 (see chart). Medical studies add to the sense that the damage done by tobacco is set to rise. Hence talk of beefing up efforts to curb smoking. At the end of 2013 the State Council, China’s cabinet, banned officials from smoking in hospitals, schools and on public transport. And the National Health and Family Planning Commission says it is working with the State Council on a nationwide ban on smoking in indoor public places.
But even then the impact may be limited, for two reasons. The bans are half-measures that fall far short of the proven mix of policies advocated by experts. And the tobacco business is so entwined with government that it is likely to thwart any effective anti-smoking effort.
According to the WHO’s studies of what has worked around the world, anti-tobacco campaigns need six planks. The first is reliable data on tobacco use and prevention, which is lacking in China. The second is the sweeping imposition of smoking bans, not the partial bans still being mooted in Beijing. Third, countries must help smokers quit with well-funded, accessible schemes.
Another plank is to educate smokers on the harms of tobacco. A study published in Tobacco Control, a journal, in 2010 found that only two-fifths of Chinese believed smoking causes coronary heart disease and only a fifth knew that it leads to strokes. The WHO also advocates a complete ban on marketing. But China’s cigarette brands have found many ways to circumvent official prohibitions, for example by setting up charities that fund schools and sporting events in their name (though officials say they will now crack down on this practice).
The final prescription from the WHO is also the most important: heavy taxation. Many studies show that tobacco taxes are highly effective in reducing consumption. This approach has worked in poor countries like South Africa as well as in rich ones like France. But Chinese cigarettes are taxed so lightly by international standards that the cheapest packs in rural areas sell for just two yuan (35 cents); in cities, a cheap pack costs just five yuan.
A study published on February 18th in the British Medical Journal used a computer model to calculate what would happen if China properly implemented the WHO’s policy recommendations. By 2050, it found nearly 13m smoking-related deaths would be averted, and more than 154m “life years” regained. It also predicts a 40% reduction in the prevalence of smoking.
Will China listen to the experts? Perhaps, but the second great obstacle is the influence of the tobacco lobby. China National Tobacco Corporation has a near-monopoly on tobacco sales in China. It is overseen by the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration. This is supposedly an independent entity, but the two share managers and a website and have intertwined organisational structures. Li Keming, brother of Li Keqiang, China’s prime minister, holds a senior post in both. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution, an American think-tank, calls this the “last bastion of China’s planned economy”.
Planners have consolidated the once-fragmented industry. In the decade to 2010, 185 cigarette firms and 1,800 brands have shrunk to just 30 firms and 133 brands. Foreign brands are relegated to a niche market in China but the ciggy bigwigs now have their eyes on global expansion. They want to create big brands to go up against the Marlboro man overseas.
China’s government is hooked on cigarette revenues. In 2012 the tobacco industry turned over 717 billion yuan in profits and taxes to government coffers, which made up 6% of official revenue. Not surprisingly, tobacco is as big in Beijing politics as petroleum and property. And in provinces, like Yunnan, where they grow tobacco, that influence is even greater.
In theory, the central government could drive up the cost of smoking without losing income. Since it controls the monopoly, any lost profits can be made up as tax revenues. But costlier cigarettes would not be popular on the street and leaders may not want to risk it. And since the industry regulates itself, it is unlikely to suppress the source of such handsome profits.
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