加拿大课程作业范文

二十世纪九十年代流行“点com”域名风络之后，全球将会迎来新一轮的点风暴，超过一千种的通用顶级网络域名（gTLDs）准备加入现有的二十二种互联网地址当中去，这会起到锦上添花的作用，把现有的域名包括.com,.org以及280个具有地域例如.uk。互联网的名称与数字地址安排机构它是一个非赢利型的组织，它总体管理着网络地址系统。该组织认为这种现像将会推动竞争与创新力度，与此同时，企业也会保护该品牌所有的费用也会随之增加。
 

一点新的gTLD域名，例如.guru和 .sexy可以充分满足所有的自尊心。另一点譬如.clothing及 .photography会被一些企业用来销售他们的商品。二月四号，在首批面市的域名之中，以阿拉伯字母书写的.web创建了历史先河，截止到现在为止，全部的通用最高级域名都是以拉丁字母书写的，这意味着用阿拉伯字母键盘上网的人只得在ALT, CTRL及其它大致相似的键之间切换以输入大多互联网地址的最终几个字母。其它的一些语种或俄语书写部分GTLDS会在接下来的几个月时间之内与之上市。
 

AFTER the dotcom boom of the 1990s, the world is about to experience a boom in dots. Over 1,000 new generic top-level domain names (gTLDs) are set to join the 22 existing ones, such as .com and .org, and the 280 country-specific ones, such as .uk, that now grace the end of web addresses. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the non-profit organisation that manages the web’s address book, reckons this will boost competition and innovation. It will also increase the cost to businesses of protecting their brands.

 

Some of the new gTLDs, such as .guru and .sexy, will flatter owners’ egos. Others, such as .clothing and .photography, will be used by firms to tout their wares. Among the first to go live, on February 4th, was “.web” written in Arabic script. That made history: until now all generic top-level domains have been written in Latin lettering, meaning internet users with Arabic keyboards had to wrestle with ALT, CTRL and the like to type the last few letters of most websites’ names. Other gTLDs in scripts such as Chinese and Russian will follow in the coming months.

 

Firms including Apple, Ford and IWC, a watchmaker, have already applied to register their names as gTLDs. That will allow them to ensure they are not used by crooks or cybersquatters. Google, Amazon and others have applied for numerous gTLDs, including .app and .kindle, presumably because they want to use them and think they can make money by selling the right to use “second-level” domains (for example, economist.app), typically for $10-50 a year. Firms may also be keen to buy certain second-level domains to stop them falling into the wrong hands. Donuts, a company that has lodged hundreds of applications for gTLDs, has .wtf and .sucks on its list.

 

But there are costs to owning a gTLD. Firms must pay $185,000 to ICANN when applying for one, plus $25,000 for each year they use it. Deciding which ones to splash out on is tricky. New domains including .biz and .mobi have been added in the past, but have failed to put a dent in the wildly popular .com (see chart).

 

The avalanche of new domains may also confuse web users, who often get to their destinations via search engines rather than by typing web addresses into browsers. Greater choice and competition should eventually bring them benefits. But the transition may be .complicated.
 

An Internet address, such as the assumption of an address and Internet Protocol (IP) address that corresponds to a string of memorable characters, from a number from a to z of 26 Latin alphabet and 10 Arabic numerals 0-9 in and "-". "", symbols according to a certain level and logical order. There are some countries in the development of domain names in other languages​​, such as Chinese domain names. Not only easy to remember domain name, and even in the case of IP address changes, by changing the analytical correspondence between the domain name still remains unchanged. Business, government, NGO and other institutions or individuals in the domain name registration provider inquiries on registration, is among the Internet companies or organizations communicate with each other network addresses. 
 

Network communication and connection-based TCP / IP protocol, each host has a unique identifier fixed IP address to distinguish between thousands of users on the network and the computer. When all of the network to distinguish between a network and host connected thereto, are used, a single, universal address format, that each computer and a server connected to the network are assigned a unique address. In order to ensure the IP address of each computer on the network is unique, you must apply to a specific organization registration, assign IP addresses. Network addressing scheme is divided into two sets: IP address of the system and the domain name address system. In fact, these two sets of address system is one to one relationship. IP address is represented by a binary number, each of length 32 bit IP address consists of four numbers small to 256, with the point of the interval between the numbers, for example, 100.10.0.1 denotes an IP address. Since the IP address is a digital identification, the use of hard to remember and writing, and therefore on the basis of the IP address and the development of a symbolic addressing scheme, instead of the IP address of the digital type. Each symbolic addresses are associated with a particular IP address, so that such resources on the network to access them much easier. This and numeric IP addresses on the network address corresponding to the character, it is called a domain name. 
 

Visible domain name is the name of the Internet unit, is a computer network unit boarded the network address through. If you want a company to build their own home page on the Internet, you must obtain a domain name, the domain name is made ​​up of several components, including numbers and letters. With this address, one can find the detailed information on the web. Internet domain name is important to identify the units and individuals on the network, plays a role in the identification, easier for people to identify and retrieve a business, organization or individual information resources to better share resources on a network. In addition to identifying features, in a virtual environment, the domain name can also play a role in guiding, publicity, and representatives.
 

Register domain names need to follow the principle of first come, first registration, since the domain name is a valuable resource, then it is able to become the object of intellectual property protection it? We believe that in the new economic environment, the commercial significance of the domain name has been far greater than the technical sense, but an important means of international market competition become involved in science and technology under the new conditions, it is not only on the network on behalf of the enterprise the unique location, but also reflects the enterprise's comprehensive product and service range, image, reputation, etc., is part of the intangible assets. Meanwhile, the domain name is an intellectual achievement, it is the meaning of a commercial character marks and trademarks, like names, reflecting the considerable creativity. In the domain of the idea of ​​the selection process, requires some creative work, making on behalf of their company's domain name is simple and attractive, so well known to the public and its access, so as to achieve the expansion of the corporate reputation and promote the purpose of business development. We can say that the domain name is not a simple identification of symbols, but corporate reputation and visibility condensation recognition, the use of the domain name has a rich connotation of enterprise, far from simple "identity" word can be exhaustive. Therefore, regardless of the real sector or academia, most tend to be the domain of intellectual property as a business object. Moreover, from a global perspective, despite national legislation as the exclusive rights to the domain name has not been protected, but international domain name system is to develop coordinated by the World Intellectual Property, which illustrates that people have been seen as part of the domain of intellectual property rights. 
 

Of course, compared to the traditional areas of intellectual property, domain names is a new object, with its own characteristics, such as the use of the domain name is worldwide, there is no tradition of strict territorial limits; From the temporal perspective, Once the domain can be obtained permanent use, and do not need regular renewal; domain name on the web is absolutely unique, once to obtain registration, any other person not registered, use the same domain name, so its proprietary nature is absolute; addition, the domain name non-registered may not be used by a statutory body, which is the traditional patents, trademarks and other objects is different, and so on. Even so, the domain name as the object of intellectual property rights is also scientific and feasible in practice is beneficial and harmless for the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises related to the network.
 

Since CNNIC issued "." Company "and." Network "Landrush Registration and bidding rules" since. "Company" and. "Network" domain received additional attention to traditional companies and Internet companies. In the traditional domain of resources into the "depletion period" since, .com domain resources and other mainstream .cn has entered "a hard to find" stage, a good domain name you want to register a brand meets the requirements of almost a "fantasy" and to have to spend to buy the domain name market price. For the traditional enterprise and small and medium sized networks company, its brand name, although the word associated not yet reached the mainstream price, but the price has also been a lot of money. Urgent need of fresh blood into the domain name market, so that small and medium sized companies. "Tonic." 

 

. "Company" and. "Network" by the advent, he was optimistic about the industry, even being called China's .com and .cn domain name. Its unique Chinese adaptability, so that it could play a greater brand value in the domestic Internet. Especially in traditional industries "sea" to get involved in the Internet, thousands of enterprises need to prop up its good name brand, and give its brand into the Internet elements. And those traditional industries and companies and entrepreneurs who have a special feeling for the Chinese,. "Company" and. "Network" can be described with the growing demand for Internet brands hit it off, burst out in the brand marketing in intense spark. The domain name investment market, its massive untapped resource domain, it will set off a new round of investments registered by the storm.

But too late, too late. While pre-registration has passed, but Landrush began today. Cnnic authorization from the beachhead domain name auction trading platform love the name of the network (http://paimai.22.cn) can be seen on, September 1 to September 27 batches for each platform. "Company" and "network "for public auction. Missed period registered companies do not have to regret it, at this time, or can be a means to compensate for the loss of the auction on the brand. Although I have to spend some money, but after landing just begun, and now the investment in the long term, pluses and no minuses, you may get higher returns in the future. For domain investors, preemptive bidding popular domain names, these resources will certainly become the next investment market "leaders." Among these, the transaction price will be born in the future instead. 

 

In the first domain to seize the period, net of love Recommended domain name has been called the "golden domain" are popular brands in various industries vocabulary, such as business opportunities. Network, home textiles. The company, 400. Networks, agriculture. Network, cloud. Network, business. The company, marriage. The company, packages. The company, micro-shop. Network security. Network, station. Network, the future value of money. In addition to the fine gold domain, the platform is also focused on the dual characters, single characters, pure digital, all kinds of goods domain plain English, covering almost all sectors. Whether it is for domain name investors or traditional companies or Internet companies, auction brand relevant and timely. "Company" and. "Network" name, will be the brand marketing, domain name investment and win-win results.
 

Highly compatible, universal CNNIC Domain Name System will also provide a "Chinese domain name .CN" pure Chinese domain name (such as "Chinese domain names. Company") the two programs. CNNIC is not only the perfect combination of these two technologies but also to make it with the existing domain name system is highly compatible. CNNIC Domain Name System is made ​​minimal changes to the existing domain name system to ensure stable, reliable and convenient transition from existing systems to the Chinese domain name system. The system is compatible with the existing domain name system, and supports Unix, Linux, Windows and other operating systems and a variety of general-purpose browser. That user can successfully parse through this system you want, and English domain names, allowing users anywhere in the world as long as the Chinese domain names are entered correctly can successfully access the URL. 
 

Character conversion, cross-strait links are fully interoperable support simplified and traditional analytic CNNIC Domain Name Service is a feature. For example, a user wants to visit the mainland to Taiwan, "Acer computer company," he did not need to type the Traditional's "Acer .TW" in the browser's address bar, and the only type simplified Chinese mainland users are familiar with it. And a Taiwanese users who wish to visit the mainland, "Tsinghua University" website, he's also just type Traditional "Tsinghua University" on it. 
 

When ease of use, wide applicability in the use of "Chinese domain .cn", users do not have to install the client program, ISP server used by the users do not have to make any changes, you can achieve access to the Chinese domain names. If you want to use the "Chinese domain names. China", "Chinese domain network" and other pure Chinese domain access, you can also do not have to install the client program, ISP services provided to users as long as the corresponding changes, or the user to change their operating system the DNS server configuration using the CNNIC. If the user's ISP firewall restrictions exist, the user can not use other name servers outside of the ISP, the situation will be more complicated, send to the ISP other than the Chinese domain name server request will be blocked by a firewall, resulting in access failure. For this problem, CNNIC can provide users with a client installation program, it can not only configure the server for the computer novice, you can also solve the problems inherent in some browsers, you can also order a full Chinese domain HTTP requests sent out , thus bypassing the firewall. That set up a dedicated channel on HTTP complete resolution.
 

CNNIC simplify registration procedures will adopt a new, international standards and the way Chinese registered domain name registration, such as simplifying registration procedures, change procedures, you can not submit a written application materials, all applications completely online implementation. Users under the new registration system prompts can register pure Chinese domain names and Chinese domain names with the CN. Register their Chinese domain names. For example, you can simultaneously register "Chinese domain .cn" and "Chinese domain names. Chinese." Another important feature is the domain name was registered Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese domain names. After this registration, the user can either visit the site with the Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional can also be used to access the site, the registration system supports GB (GBK), BIG5, UTF8, etc. used in the Chinese region encoding formats, so using different operating systems and different languages habits can use Chinese domain names. The purpose is to facilitate the four places at the same time users to use their own familiar language to access each other's sites. Such interoperability four places of complexity can be achieved, which is to promote the exchange of information on the four sides will play a great role in promoting. 
 

Innovations registration system in Chinese domain name registration regime, CNNIC will draw on the successful experience of the international division of Chinese domain name registrar for the domain name system administrators and domain name registration service providers. CNNIC domain name registration as Chinese managers, responsible for maintaining the Chinese domain name registration database to ensure the stable operation of the Internet. Domain name registration service provider will directly face the majority of users rely on their own strength and their own strengths to better serve users with domain name registration services, including Chinese and other services associated with the Chinese domain name. All communication with the domain name registration service provider CNNIC between SSL certificate-based encryption technology transfer. 
 

Establish mechanisms for Chinese domain name dispute is not just a technical competition, more important is the contest of services and management, in particular the establishment of appropriate supporting measures. Because Chinese Chinese domain names, and registration and users are mainly in China, so Chinese domain names registered trademark conflict with China will become more prominent and direct. In order to maintain the orderly development of the domain name system, protect and balance the legitimate interests of China and the Chinese domain name registered trademark holders between, CNNIC launch of Chinese domain name system, but also to establish the appropriate Chinese domain name dispute resolution mechanisms, to develop domain Name Dispute Resolution authorizing the domain name dispute resolution mechanism. Then, once the dispute will be China's relevant authorities, in accordance with the relevant provisions of China's legal and responsible decision.
 

To recycling industry value analysis is built on the basis of ecological values​​, which is based on the economic value of ecological compensation and value 3R1H four principles of creation. Circular economy is not just a need to invest in economic activity, there is a huge profit margins, the main income comes from two aspects, one is the economic benefits generated waste into commodities, the second is the waste management and sewage cost savings . This benefit may be manifested at different levels in different sizes and forms. 
 

In the corporate level, through the implementation of circular economy concept to achieve added value of new business, mainly from four aspects: First, the input reduction, namely into the production process to reduce material and energy inputs, a production cost savings. Such savings can be achieved through product design and manufacturing process reengineering and other methods; Second, process control, Echelon use of resources and energy to achieve reuse to reduce production costs. Such savings can be achieved by the new management contract energy management, goods and services and so; Third, the output of waste recycling, resource value added. It actually consists of reducing the environmental costs of waste disposal and recycling savings brought production cost savings; Fourth produce sound environmental management revenue end of treatment. This revenue through the introduction of pollution control technologies or develop new pollution control technology to bring cost savings patent revenue environment and new technologies. 
 

On the relationship between the enterprise level, through industry links or industrial symbiosis, the formation of the value chain or even a value network, companies can not only get the internal economy of these activities, but also a huge external economy, including the residual value from the system integration and network cooperation surplus . The formation of mutually beneficial cooperation between industrial symbiosis enterprise resource recycling, reduce pressure on the environment. Industry aggregate to form rational allocation of resources within the region and the efficient use, saving transport costs and logistics costs, reducing the circulation process of resource depletion.