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传统的贸易为了互相了解，需要人与人之间进行面对面的交谈，但这样做它浪费了很多的时间，人力和财力。但是如果使用电子邮件，则这个过程只需要几秒钟，你的消息就将被发送到世界的另一侧，而且也没有丢失信息的可能性。此外，电子邮件可以立即得到对方的响应，使人们的沟通更加顺畅，缩短合作伙伴之间的距离。有了互联网以及它所提供的不同服务，不同行业，如金融，教育，咨询，零售，只要通过一个网站发布，全球各地的客户联系你将变得更容易。 The traditional trade needs people to talk face to face to realize communication; it wastes so much time, manpower and money to do so. But Email only takes several seconds to send a message to another side of the world and with no or rare possibility of losing the message. And, E-mail can get an immediate response which make our communication more smoothly and shorten the distance between partners. With the Internet, it becomes much easier to provide services of all types, such as banking, education, consulting, retailing, through a website that is globally accessible. 通过对语言学领域的进一步研究，我们发现遵守合作原则是人类之间沟通的本质特征。但是在实际通信中，人们并不总是遵守合作原则，他们往往故意违反一些原则。但目的必须是换一种间接的方式来表达一些含蓄的意义，传递一些需要合作的信息。 Though the Cooperation principle summarize the essential characteristics of communication of human beings, but a further study of the field of Pragmatics finds that in actual communication, people will not always obey the Cooperation Principle, they often violate some of the principles intentionally. But the purpose must mean to use indirect way to express some implicative meaning to pass some information fits in with Cooperation Principle. In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. Cooperative Principle is proposed by Paul Grice, who has concerned himself with philosophical issues with language. As phrased by Paul Grice, “make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged”. The principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation. Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of conversations are different. Maxim of Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true. a) Do not say what you believe to be false. b) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange); do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Maxim of Relevance: Make your contribution relevant. Maxim of Manner: be perspicuous, specifically and avoid unnecessary prolixity. It makes requirements as: a)be clear: b)avoid obscurity of expression; c)avoid ambiguity; d)be brief); e)be orderly. Here are 2 examples representing the above 4 maxims: Example 1:Thank you for your letter of 12th，July sending us patterns of cotton prints. We find both quality and prices satisfactory and are pleased to give you an order for the following items on the understanding that they will be supplied from current stock at the prices named: We expect to find a good market for these cottons and hope to place further and larger orders with you in the near future. Our usual terms of payment are cash against documents and we hope they will be acceptable to you. Meanwhile should you wish to make inquiries concerning our financial standing, you may refer to our bank. Example 2: We are pleased to receive your order of 18th, July for cotton prints and welcome you as one of our customers. For goods ordered we require payment to be made by a confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit payable by draft at sight upon presentation of shipping documents. Please let us know immediately whether you agree to our terms. As soon as we receive your reply in the affirmative, we shall confirm supply of the prints at the price stated in your letter and arrange for dispatch by the first available steamer upon receipt of your L/C. When the goods reach you, we feel confident you will be completely satisfied with them—at the prices offered they represent exceptional value. As you may not be aware of the wide range of goods we deal in, we are attaching a copy of our catalogue and hope that our handling of this first order of yours will lead to further business between us and mark the beginning of a happy working relationship. Example 1 is a mail regarding to the first order; definitely, it obeys the relevant principles and has proper order for the arrangement of content. Example 2 is the reply for Example 1, in time reply shows the intentions of cooperation of the sender. According to the common rule of international business, the receiver should reply within 48 hours. Even though the receiver can not reply immediately, they should notify the sender that they’ve received the mail and will reply as soon as possible. From these 2 examples we can see that a mail with the purpose of good communicate must obey the cooperation principle which includes the maxims of quality, quantity, relevance and manner. Leech (1983) formulates “Politeness Principle” or PP for short, trying to remedy Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) which is presumed to be unable to interpret why, for instance, people are prone to use indirect ways of saying thing to Leech, and it is politeness that motivates it. Social acts like competitive (ordering, asking, begging, etc.) demand politeness far more than other kinds like convivial and collaborative, because the former makes a threat to the audience’s face, or negative face(in Brown and Levinson’s(1978/1987 terms). Various politeness strategies thus are employed to mitigate the face-threatening power. According to Leech the greater the cost an act is to the audience, the more polite the speaker ought to try to make the utterance. Each kind of maxim contains one or two principles, the core of them is-make yourself in an unfavorable situation, allow your partner to make some profits first to get a good impression so that you can communicate with them smoothly and make greater benefits. Naturally, it does not mean that people should always obey the Politeness Principle to anyone in anytime, anywhere. In some cases, such as urgent accident, heated debate or tense working occasion or casual talks with friends, Politeness Principle might be less important. However, optimum politeness is polite, but too much politeness is grovel, exceed the boundary of politeness will give an impression of artificial false and humble to others. It’s not proper to use the word “beg” to debase yourself, so we must clearly know the differences between “politeness” and “gravellier”, grasp the extent of Politeness Principle, not to be arrogant or servile. Email-As a real written communication way, it has the character of common Email; it also has the character of business letter. Both business Email and common Email attach importance to Politeness Principles. But, after analyzing, we found that their emphasis is different, the former prefers to use “Approbation Maxim” of Politeness Principle which pays more attention to maintain the positive face of its partner, hopes to get praise, support and affection and attach importance to maintain friendly cooperative relationship. The latter tends to use the avoid-based negative politeness principle which pays attention to objective formal, tries to maintain the negative face of its cooperator, hopes that the others will not impose on him/her, he/she will not to be Interfered, hindered or lost face because of yielding to others. Globalization has become the economic buzz-word since 1990s.National economies are undoubtedly becoming steadily more integrated as cross-border flows of trade, investment and financial capital increase. Customers are buying more foreign goods, a growing number of firms now operate across national border, and savers are investing more than ever before in far-flung places. Email-as one of the main ways of communication, plays an extremely important role and has so many positive influences in international business. With universal application of network technology, a large number of valuable information can be found on the network platform; hence, the traders can find their partners very quickly and easily. On one hand, the seller can provide large number of products; utilize the texts, pictures and dynamic video to display their products, release advertising on internet to promote their product to the world market. When a new product is developed, people all over the world can know it as soon as its advertising has been released. On the other hand, the buyer can find the commodities quickly and easily with the means of Web browsing and Web search. But with the traditional way of trade, people sometimes might give up the opportunities of cooperation because of the geographic distance or other factors, especially the international trade, people needed to go abroad to do market investigation, advertising and production research which wasted so much manpower, resources and money. Moreover, the processes for entry and exit was very cumbersome by that time, this was a restriction to the development of international trade. There’s no doubt that the use of computers and electronic communications in business transactions plays a very active role in breaking the constraints of time and space. You can easily segment your lists into groups so your e-mails go to the customers who are most likely to respond to that particular message and encourage them to forward the message onto their own friends and family. By this way, your e-mail database will allow you to fully utilize the services, http://www.ukassignment.org/gjswgl/ including free broadcast e-mails and an upgraded version of HTML e-mails (fee applies) in order to reach more customers. To write Emails skillfully has become one of the basic qualities for business person especially the professionals who working in the field of international business and foreign companies. How to make yourself competitive? How to make emails work for you? How to elaborate the above positive influences in your daily work? On one hand, we should obey the Cooperation Principle, reply in time, ensure the information is proper, reliable, clear, and concise and Stick closely to the subject set up in line with the information. On the other hand, we also should think about Politeness Principle, respects the psychological needs of the receiver, and use positive Politeness Principle under the premise of grasping Politeness Principle. In a word, we should obey the principle of Correctness, Conciseness, Complete, Clarity, Cooperation and Politeness in business Email writing so that we can get our work done smoothly and efficiently, get more business opportunities, realize our occupation ideal and make our life better and better! |
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