西方哲学史留学生论文范文：Confucian Humanism and compare similarities and

In the historical development of human science sky, east and west are the development of human culture has made its own contribution. Humanism has long been considered a basic feature of Western culture and one of the elements , from the Renaissance to the pursuit of freedom, equality and personal liberation as the main spiritual humanism began to establish , and thereafter with the industrial modernization of Western society 's success, Humanism in Western societies thrive and bear fruitful fruit , making the basic spirit of Western culture . Correspondingly , in the Confucian culture as the core of Eastern cultures are also included human thinking? Its main difference between humanism and the West in what place ? I believe that as the representative of the Confucian rich oriental culture the thoughts of people , they and the main difference lies in the Western humanist values ​​different . Here 's a comparison on .
在人学进展的历史天际下,物品方都为人的总称文化的进展做出了自个儿的贡献。文艺复兴一直以来被觉得是西方文化的基本特点标志和元素之一,从人文主义着手,以寻求自由、平等和个性解放为主要神魂的文艺复兴着手稳固建立,从这以后随着西方社会形态的工业现代化的成功,文艺复兴在西方社会形态中茁壮生长并结出了多而大的果实,使之变成西方文化的基本神魂。

The first is based on the ideas Asians represented by Confucianism , Confucian culture is the core of Benevolence thought. Jen is one of the nation's first daily ritual , which means that two people greeting behavior is a humility manners. Confucius borrowed to express their own thoughts. Confucius said , benevolent . Studies in the Confucian thinking mainly about several aspects: First, Confucius proposed the " sex , Distinct far ." [ A ] human nature says. Confucius believes that human nature is similar only because living environment caused by different social status between people , economic, educational and other aspects are different. This indicates little difference to the life of Confucius admit , close to equal status . And on this basis , Confucius proposed development must be in order to get people through education , personal aspects must " learn ." To Confucius say " studious tire " in order to pursue life Shido . Confucius said humanity tells us , for everyone , the difference between people is not great , and everyone close to equal chance of success , personal success is more important is that personal effort , which is looking at today to remain good. Secondly, Confucius attached great importance to the right to life . Confucius after a fire in the barn , and asked people not to ask the horse , obviously looking to human life or property of other substances than beasts . In addition, against the sacrificial system of Confucius , " Chapters King Hui of Liang on Mencius " records, " Zhong Ni said , the initiator , and its non Afterwards ! " [ 2 ] shows that Confucius was hated by Tao commission to tombs for the dead , let alone use to sacrificial living . Again, Confucius society at that time full of superstition against the status quo, to take the " spirits and much of the " realist attitude , emphasizing the " Personnel " heavier than " things ghost ." " Analects" of Confucius speak documented chaos , force, strange gods, seasonal Lu asked Confucius things otherworldly matters , the Confucius answer was: " not something people , how can he do ghosts ? " Confucius there, " things people " first , " Things ghost " in the post that" personnel "is our primary concern as it should be . In two thousand years ago, Confucius, putting people at the top of the spirits , the " things people " in the " ghost thing " above , this idea is very valuable , can be said that the state of human existence once ideological emancipation, thus a profound impact on the two thousand years of ancient Chinese society , the formation of an ethical standard of ancient Chinese society exists. And not, as Western societies , as the formation of a religious and cultural alienation of people under the rule of the survival of the state . Next, the center of Confucius' What is the content ? It is about shaping the ideal personality issues, namely the so-called "adult " way . Pay the price of sanctification respected Confucian ideal personality is the highest goal of life . Confucius "benevolence" is defined as meaning "husband benevolent Yuli written for the people , he seeks to reach people , to nearly Analogy , indeed benevolence side also carry ." Confucius here starting from the relationships between people , advocates of people with must have mutual respect and love, to other people's success as been associated with things , from the " pan- loving public " launch Hui-jun to the line benevolent , benevolent monarch loving thoughts, the people-oriented ideas to implement to " cultivate oneself to security people " ( " constitutional question " ) and the" Bosch in China but can JIZHONG " above . So as to achieve the highest personality of Confucian ideals.东方人本思想首先是以儒教思想为代表,儒教文化的中心是仁学思想。仁起初是指某私人的共同体的平时的礼仪,表达两私人打招呼的行径,是一种不占先的体态。孔子假座来表现自个儿的思想。孔子曰,仁者最爱的人。

Western humanism ( humanism, from the Latin humanus), usually refers to the European Renaissance and religion against the feudal rule of the bourgeoisie thought theological system . The main idea is certainly real meaning of life , the joy of enjoying life requirements ; advocating personal liberation , personal freedom , believe in the great power that celebrates the perfection of humanity and lofty . Humanist culture for medieval theology , calling people to rediscover the historical development of the role of the human will and action is certainly value to restore the rights of people , including the people before God 's rightful place . The early humanist praise emerging commercial bourgeoisie aggressive and optimistic spirit , requiring recognition of their labor obtained through the legitimacy of human happiness , against asceticism for human happiness stifled. Dante created the " Divine Comedy" marks the beginning of the Renaissance . He believes that people are the most noble , because people with reason and free will , shall, through reason and action to fight for freedom and happiness ; He also believes that love is the power to rule the world , people should love and should not to love . Petrarch (Francesco Petrarch ,1304-1374 years) in the "secret " in the words: "I do not want to become God , or live in eternity , or wrapped in the arms of the world . Belong to the kind of person I am honored for enough this is what I pray for everything I own is mortal, I ask only mortal happiness " [ 3 ] , the full expression of the emerging bourgeoisie eagerness to pursue their own liberation . Boccaccio that " human beings are born equal, without distinction or distinction, human flesh and blood are caused by the same substance " [ 3 ] , which is called the first Declaration of Human Rights . Shakespeare is the European representative of the glorious Renaissance dramatist , his work is full of humanist thought. He advocated human dignity, praise greatness , praise earthly love and friendship.

A Confucian thought and Western humanism human commonalities

They are people- centered, reality of life as a starting point , are opposed or set aside theology, adopt a positive attitude towards life . Confucianism advocates benevolence doctrine , by the kiss to the pan- loving public , by the pan- loving public to the king , "Bo Shi in China but can Chi Chung ," with a positive attitude towards life, social beings , with a positive attitude towards life, interpersonal relationships , " Yuli written for the people , he seeks to reach people ," the spirit of life influenced generations of Chinese people with lofty ideals . " Book of Changes Qian " and " days Gentleman to self-reliance" dry healthy spirit is the spirit of the portrayal of the Chinese nation . Western humanist theology from people opposed to the rule of departure and Foster 's rational spirit , the pursuit of real happiness in life , for the restoration of various human rights , reflecting the emerging bourgeoisie aggressive and optimistic spirit . In the treatment of human spirits outside world , the Confucian attitude clearly taken hold , objectively affected China's atheist ideology . Confucianism emphasizes the reality of the world above all , not to endanger people's normal life, survival as a standard to deal with things , these are valuable point of Confucianism . The Western humanism is clearly opposed to theocratic oppression , they put God and human rights against opposition that only overthrew the feudal theocratic rule , in order to completely liberate themselves .

Second, Confucian thought and Western humanism human differences

First, in dealing with the relationship between man and nature , the Confucian emphasis on harmony between man and nature , stressing that " Heaven" ; Western humanist emphasis on people 's desires, requirements as a starting point , take the conquest of nature , predatory mode , stressed that " struggle between Heaven " concept . "I Ching" as the first of the Five Classics of Confucianism , reflecting the cultural connotation is "Heaven " spirit, " Yi" further elaborated in this spirit, main point is that people should carefully observe nature , understanding of nature , comply with the naturally, it is to show nature study and constantly improve people's ability to survive , but people also need to moderate , moderate use of natural for the benefit of mankind , to achieve harmonious development between man and nature .
Second, the collective thoughts of Confucius as the standard ; western humanism to the individual standard . The ideological importance of Confucius family , the family , the state of this collective interests , personal interests to the collective interest must be premised on the family as the core should take filial piety , loyalty to the country should take as the basic value and therefore collectivism is the main value of Confucianism orientation . The Western humanism is more emphasis on the interests and rights of individuals , they emphasize individual freedom , the importance of personal struggle and the rights of individuals and the rights of private property is inviolable , and sometimes even for personal gain at the expense of national interests.
Third , the Confucian emphasis on good people more important than the thinking intellect, while Western humanism is emphasis on natural science and reason. Confucian personality good for the greatest objective , therefore attaches great importance to people 's moral perfection , emphasizing Kejifuli , emphasizing self, family is one of the most basic requirements of morality . And because China long time in farming economy period, the requirement for natural science and technology is not very high , the objective is not causing the Confucian emphasis on the natural development of scientific knowledge , but rather biased attention to people 's own character perfection and order in the country 's stability. So Confucian special emphasis on " Virtue ," and have a profound impact on Chinese society . Dong Zhongshu proposed " is their friendship did not do their profits ," the famous statement , in fact, is to promote and facilitate the Confucian Benevolence religious objectively formed the Chinese traditional ethics culture Valuing Loyalty tendencies. Thus the development of the Chinese nation 's long-term negative impact. Western humanist emphasis on natural science knowledge , from ancient Greece 's " Virtue is knowledge ' to modern Bacon's " knowledge is power "in the West formed a respect for knowledge and tradition of excellence . With the development of capitalist society in Europe , modern natural science in Europe also formed and developed , and promoted the development of natural philosophy . Emphasis on natural science and natural philosophy, rationality , they try to science and reason to oppose dogmatism feudal medieval theology to liberation theology under the rule of man and nature .

Third, the comparison between inspiration and meaning
 

Human thought and Western Confucian humanism are the two things in the mainstream values ​​and cultural traditions , all of the development and progress of their societies had a fundamental impact , Confucian culture inseparable from modern Western culture reference. Especially in today's era of cultural globalization , cultural diversity developed into a trend, Western societies come to realize the value of the oriental culture , oriental culture in today's era of globalization for solving some of the problems facing the significance , so how to enhance the traditional culture to adapt to modern development needs and problems to resolve the era of globalization has become imperative. Confucian Humanistic Thought Heaven, harmony , the overall emphasis on personal and other content are reasonable, reinterpret these human development today is bound to play its due role . And in today's China's socialist modernization process , from the Westerners thought of liberty, equality , human rights and the rule of law culture with a modern spirit of great value , modern Western culture originated directly since the Renaissance humanism they respect science, rationality and individual rights , these factors inherent in modern China is very important, and we should seriously study and learn , so conducive to China's modernization construction . Meanwhile, the two cultures and both are a product of their era , with its inevitable limitations , so learn from when to recognize its shortcomings , few make the same mistake . Confucian thought too much emphasis on the whole person stability , ignoring the individual requirements of a reasonable desire , thus causing social development , lack of motivation , long hovered in the feudal agrarian economy of low quality and low levels of livelihood development , eventually leading to the historical reality behind modern times . When we develop our traditional culture must be vigilant , can not make the same mistake . Western humanism overemphasize human conquest of nature , resulting in today's environmental crisis, energy depletion, a direct impact on sustainable human development ; too much emphasis on various human desires and requirements, resulting in a variety of evil human nature , and caused social confusion, moral decline , brings to anxiety and fear , these phenomena are the adverse consequences of Western humanism must be given to scientific summary . Today, we build socialism on modernization , is to take a comprehensive Marxist free development as guidance, learn from Western humanism has modern human rights , rule of law, freedom and science -based culture , but also the development of national culture there are cultural vitality , and make it a modern upgrade to the height of innovation and development meets the requirements of a socialist harmonious society advanced culture .