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论文题目：international convention
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论文专业：law
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论文用于：BA assignment 本科课程作业
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International Convention
1. The premises of PIL are: 1. Equality of states.a)states respect each other as legal equals with rights and duties. b)only external aspects on states. 2. Only external aspects of statehood important. a)states have legal authority to make building agreements. b) only bound by what they have consented to. 3. Pacta sunt servanda. States are directly bound by the treaties they have signed and have to follow them. The sources of PIL are: 1. Treaty or conventions; 2. Customary international law, created through: consistency in state practice and consensus among the member states of the UN; 3. General principles; 4. Judicial decisions and teachings; 5. Priority or different areas of function; 6. Implementation. PIL has priority above national law in the relation between the states.
2. Customary law is actions (practice) from state and treaties that is made by negotiation and agreement. Creation of international customary law requires that: states constantly and uniformly follow a certain practice; states feel bound to do so (opinion iurus), and not only follow the rule out of polity.
3. Absolute rights: first generation of human rights, the fundamental basic human rights required to be exercisable by everyone in any fair democratic society. It is rights like: the right to life, the abolition of slavery. Limitable rights: Second generation of human rights, evolved in Europe during the nineteenth century with social reforms. They are more idealistic to its nature, might be less readily realizable, especially by developing states. It is rights like: the right to education.States have here ”margin of appreciation”taking knowledge of their context into account;Limitable in special circumstances:Derogation
4.Ius cogens norms is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as norms from which no derogation is permitted. It is generally accepted that ius cogens includes the prohibition of genocide, maritime piracy, slaving in general, torture, and wars of aggression and territorial aggrandizement.
5. freedom of expression: “constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual’s self-fulfilment.“ The right to privacy is a human right and an element of various legal traditions which may restrain both government and private party action that threaten the privacy of individuals.States parties are required to respect and to ensure the Covenant rights to all persons who may be within their territory and to all persons subject to their jurisdiction. This means that a State party must respect and ensure the rights laid down in the Covenant to anyone within the power or effective control of that State Party, even if not situated within the territory of the State Party. Guarantee：1）Expert committees have been set up to examine state compliance of the treaties；2.States must report their compliance of treaties regularly；3.Individuals can make complaints where states allow this through OPs; 4.Individuals can have complaints tried in certain intcourts e.g. ECHR；5.The ICC has been set up to try gross individual violations.Limitations: 1.It’s mechanisms are difficult for vulnerable persons/groups to gain access to; 2.States become parties to human rights treaties for various reasons –not always in good faith; 3.Certain human rights issues are focused on (ECHR on time limits for detention) –others are ignored and seemingly are less important (racial discrimination.
6. The right to self-determination is the core principle in modern international law, binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference .The Convention and protocols (to which the State is a party) and ECHR case-law are the states’ obligations.
7. The violation occurred to someone within the State’s jurisdiction; the violation is against one of the ECHR rights; the violation is against one of the ECHR rights; the violation happened when the State was a party. Domestic remedies first have to be exhuasted, it means that you go through in your home-state first, afterwards you can lodge an appeal to the ECHR. International human rights instruments are treaties and other international documents relevant to international human rights law and the protection of human rights in general.
8. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. Treaty is a formal agreement between two or more states, as in reference to terms of peace or trade. The difference between a treaty and declaration: Treaty is binding in nature while declaration of principles are guidelines and have no binding force. A treaty is a pact formed between two nations or communities, each with the right of self-government and the power to perform the terms of the treaty. Reservations are essentially caveats to a state’s acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. There must be included at the time of signing or ratification. A party can not add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty.
9. ICCPR Obligations: Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. ICESCR’s three-faceted obligations: Respect: refrain from interfering; no direct violations; fulfill: taking appropriate positive action to ensure access to rights; protect: responsibility to ensure that persons are able to enjoy their HR. It do matters whether the state is stable. The financial stability is the material foundation of the state. Without this, the country may sink into depressions. Then, the guarantee of individual rights does not exist.
10. ECHR is permanent with individual right to petition. Meaning individual citizens can bring forth cases if their member state has allowed this. Domestic remedies first have to be exhuasted, meaning you go through in your home-state first, afterwards you can lodge an appeal to the ECHR. Problems faced: Countries are too ineffective and the ECHR is too powerful. The court’s interpretation of the Convention’s reach is too narrow. The http://www.ukassignment.org/rdlxslw/ court has not taken the doctrine of the margin of appreciation for enough. The ability of the court to interfere in the detail of domestic law ought to be curtailed. The European Convention on Human Rights is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.
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