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Maritime Boundaries With Vietnam And The Philippines Economics Essay
与越南和菲律宾的海上边界
陆地边界很大程度上被地质方面如Perlis河，Golok河以及Pagalayan运河所限制。而一些航海的边界是正在进行的争论的主题，在马拉西亚，Brunei形式几乎是被包围的领地，Sarawak州把它分为两个主要部分。
马来西亚是拥有在亚洲大陆和马来群岛的领土的唯一的国家。Tanjung Plal,坐落于Johor的男步，是亚洲大陆的最南端。马六甲海峡，苏门答腊和马来西亚半岛之间是在占据世界贸易的40%的总体上也中最重要的总体费用之一。
马来西亚被南中国海相互分割成两个部分,共享了一个很大程度上类似于在半岛和东马来西亚功能沿海平原丘陵和山脉的风景。马来西亚半岛,包含40%的土地面积，扩展到740公里(460英里)从南到北,其最大宽度约为322公里(200英里)。
它被Titiwangsa山脉的东西海岸分割，那是一些列山脉穿越了penisula中心的一部分。这些山是郁郁葱葱的，且主要由花岗岩和其他火成岩构成。山的许多地方已经被腐蚀，成为一个更大的喀斯特地貌。
The land borders are defined in large part by geological aspects such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, while some of the nautical boundaries are the subject to ongoing contention. Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia, with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two integral parts.
Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago. Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia. The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia is one of the most important thorough fares in overall commerce carrying a total of 40 per cent of the world’s trade.
The two parts of Malaysia divided from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area extends to 740 kilometers (460 mi) from north to south and its maximum width is around 322 kilometres (200 mi).
It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains which are a part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula. These mountains are heavily forested, and mainly compose granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a larger karst countryside.
The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems. The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kms, and the peninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 kilometres which is 1,200 miles long, although harbours are only available on the western side.
East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 kilometres. It is seperated between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. It is the location of the 4,095.2 metres high Mount Kinabalu, the tallest of the mountains in Malaysia.
Mount Kinabalu is guarded as the Kinabalu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The highest of all mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contain the Mulu Caves, the largest of all cave systems in the world.
The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons.
The temperature is largely formulated by the presence of the oceans surrounding the country. Humidity is always high, and the average annual rainfall is 250 centimetres. The climates of the neck of land and the East differ largely as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East.
Local climates can be divided into three regions internally highland, lowland, and coastal. Climate change is likely to affect sea levels and rainfall, increasing flood risks and droughts.
Malaysia is very rich in it’s infrastructure. The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed through out in Asia. Its telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia consisting of 4.7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers. The country has seven international ports, the main one being the Port Klang.
There are 200 industrial parks along with prominent parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park. Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the total population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of larger development, still they lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas is not adequately available to the rural population.
Malaysia's road system covers total 98,721 kilometers and comprises of 1,821 kilometers of express roads. The best ever highway of the country is the North-South Expressway, leads to over 800 kilometers flanked by the Thai border and Singapore run, & covers a total of 1,851 kilometers.
Relatively inexpensive elevated Light Rail Transit systems are used in some cities, like Kuala Lumpur. The Asian Rail Express is a railway service that connects Bangkok &Kuala Lumpur, and is intended to eventually stretch from China to Singapore .
On the whole, the export and import part of Malaysia. Malaysia's road network is big, covering 63,455 km, including 1,620 km of expressways. The main highway of the country passes over 810 km, reaching the Thai border from Singapore. The network of roads in Peninsular Malaysia is of better quality, even the road of East Malaysia is not as well developed. The main modes of conveyance in Peninsular Malaysia includes buses, trains, cars and to an extent airplanes.
The Malaysia has six international airports. The official airline of Malaysia is Malaysia Airlines, that provides both international and domestic service. Most of the other cities are connected by air routes. The railway system is state-run, and covers a total of 1789 km, in Peninsula Malaysia only. Popular within the cities is Light Rail Transit, that reduces traffic load on other systems, and is regarded safe, comfortable and reliable.
Malaysia, has been a trade hub for centuries for many years. Since the beginning of history, Malacca is serving as a fundamental regional commercial center for Chinese, Indian, Arab and Malay merchants for trade of important goods. These days, Malaysia shares healthy trade relations with large number of countries, especially the US.
The country is involved as a trade partner, such as APEC, ASEAN and WTO. The ASEAN Free Trade Area was established for trade promotion among ASEAN members where Malaysia was its founding member. Malaysia has also signed Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with countries including Japan, Pakistan, China and other countries.
Malaysia was the world’s largest producer of tin, rubber and coconut oil. Its manufacturing sector has played a crucial role in its economic growth. The export industry was hit hard during the late 2001 economic recession drastically dropping to 77% i.e. FDI to RM 4.3 billion in the first two quarters of 2010. Total exports fell down to $152.6 billion in 2009 from $198.6 billion in 2008. The imports has also reduced from 154.4 billion in 2008 to $129.5 billion 2009.
EX-IM POLICY OF MALAYSIA
Malaysia Exports Commodities
Malaysia mainly exports the following commodities:
Electronic gadgets
Petroleum and liquefied natural gas
Wood and wood made products
Coconut oil
Rubber
Textiles
Chemicals
Malaysia Imports Commodities
Malaysia mainly imports the following commodities:
Electronic equipments
Machinery
Petroleum outcomes
Plastics
Vehicle accessories
Iron and its products
Chemicals
Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Compiled By: MATRADE
Export Composition
Exports of manufactured goods in August 2012 was valued at RM 37.69 billion as compared with RM 40.31 billion in August 2011, with a share of 68.7%. Higher exports was registered for machinery, where appliances and parts which increased by 0.5 % & optical & scientific equipment (↑18.9%). Exports of electrical and electronic equipments (E&E) products declined by 5.3% to RM 19.31 billion from RM 20.71 billion in August 2011. Lower exports of E&E equipments were registered mainly to the PRC, Germany, France, India & Japan. However, exports to the USA, Taiwan ana Singapore was expanded atlarge.#p#分页标题#e#
Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Compiled By: MATRADE
HOSPITALITY
The Food and Hospitality diligence has become one of the chief employers in state. It now has attained a much superior status in society and strain high standards of work from its workforce. Employment opportunities are numerous, but willingly sought by a vast preponderance of people. For this motivation as in any other recognized business, interviews are conducted.
Through these interviews, the interviewer looks for personal qualities and interpersonal skills in a prospective employee to fulfill the job requirements. One of the most important things that an employer looks for are personal qualities.
These consist of: a keen attitude, a friendly disposition, neat appearance, a willingness to work, confidence, cleanliness, personal hygiene, deportment (efficient) and honesty, among the many others. Interpersonal skills basically include the ability to interact with people and using initiative to deal with problems which may arise if the customer is not satisfied.
If interpersonal and personal skills are exercised then they will greatly contribute to a happy and successfully working environment. This can be accomplished by remembering to keep in mind the fundamental aspect of any catering establishment which is to "Always acknowledge that the customers are the most important people in the business, and nothing is more important than serving them." - An introduction to catering.
In order to complete the Occupational Analysis on the Tourism and Hospitality sector, all the information related to the Malaysian Tourism and Hospitality industry was gathered through literature survey and interviews with the industry experts from the public and private sectors. A workshop was held in an attempt to get a better understanding of the organizational structure, job titles, hierarchy objectives and primary activities of the job titles.
In Malaysia, the Tourism and Hospitality sector has a very strong potential to offer great opportunities in terms of employment as well as business especially in hotel and accommodation. Besides that, with strong government and private support, this sector could expand more in the future.
The Tourism and Hospitality sector as well as other related sectors will be developed further under the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) 2000-2006, to transform them into a strategic enabler to support and contribute directly to the growth of the economy. The Tourism and Hospitality sub sectors include Accommodation, Food and Beverages, Travel Agent, Housekeeping, Front Office and Kitchen.
Lack of skilled workers is identified as one (1) of the factors affecting the Tourism and Hospitality industry. Efforts to conduct the Occupational Analysis in the Tourism and Hospitality industry followed by developing the relevant National Occupational Skills Standard documents and training manuals by the Department of Skills Development are timely
The Malaysian Government has developed national development plans such as the Ninth Malaysian Plan and the Third Industrial Master Plan that are targeted at positioning Malaysia’s long-term competitiveness to meet the challenges of a fast changing global economic environment. Among the thrusts of these development plans are to sustain the Tourism and Hospitality services sector as a major source of growth.
The supply of a competent workforce with the requisite skills in key sectors of Malaysia’s economy, particularly in Tourism and Hospitality will be increased in line with industry demand. In addition, the intake into local skills training institutes and institutions of higher learning as well as the offering of emphasised courses will be expanded. Public-private sector collaboration for example the knowledge workers skills development program will also be promoted in specific areas.
University and industry collaboration and linkage will be enhanced to improve curriculum design to produce graduates with the relevant knowledge and skills required by the industry.
Looking to the current scenario, Hospitality is about compensating/equalising a stranger to the host, making him feel protected and taken care of, and at the end of his hosting, guiding him to his next destination. Hospitality is also known as the act of generously providing care and kindness to whoever is in need.
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The WTO (World Tourism Organization) defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".
CURRENT ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
YEAR ARRIVALS RECEIPTS
2003 10.5 million 21,291.1 million
2004 15.70 million 29,651.4 million
2005 16.43 million 31,954.1 million
2006 17.45 million 36,271.7 million
2007 20.9 million 46070.0 million
2008 22.0 million 49561.2 million
(TOURISM GRAPH ANALYSIS)
(HOSPITALITY GRAPH ANALYSIS)
Malaysia welcomed 22,052,488 tourists in 2008, an increase of 5.1% year on year (y-o-y) and slightly above Government predictions of a 4% rise. The country had a particularly strong December, when 2,058,684 million arrivals represented a 9.2% increase y-o-y.
Singapore was again the most important source market for in-bound tourists, contributing 49.9% of the total arrivals. Other key markets included Indonesia (11.0%), Thailand (6.8%), Brunei (4.9%), China (including Hong Kong & Macau) (4.3%), India (2.5%), Japan (2.0%), Australia (1.9%), the Philippines (1.8%) and the United Kingdom (1.7%).
Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia
The vision of the ministry is to develop Malaysia into a leading tourism location and the mission is to implement the National Tourism Policy towards making the tourism industry the nation’s main source of income for the socio-economic development of the country. The National Tourism
Policy is to turn the tourism industry into a major, sustainable, viable and quality sector which contributes to the socio-economic development of the country.
The objectives of the Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia are:
To develop a sustainable tourism industry in order to generate a major source of income for the country;
To promote the tourism sector professionally, efficiently and continuously to meet the needs and preferences of foreign and local tourist; and
To strengthen and upgrade a quality service delivery system in order
to ensure tourist satisfaction. The functions of the Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia are:
To formulate the national tourism policy to achieve the Ministry’s vision, mission and objectives;
To implement policies pertaining to the progress and development of the tourism industry; and
To co-ordinate, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of tourism programs.
The Malaysian Association of Hotels (MAH) is the umbrella body for hotels in Malaysia formed in 1974. Its vision is to build a workforce of highly skilled, innovative and disciplined individuals who will operate as one to enhance the efficiency of the hotel industry in its efforts to achieve the goals of Vision 2020 and beyond.As an official national network for the hotel industry, the Malaysian Association of Hotels (MAH) acts as a voice of the industry, working as one body to promote, protect, represent and advance the interests of its members.
MAH’s objectives:
To unite hotels in Malaysia into one representative body;
To promote and foster cooperation between hotels and all similar businesses within and without the areas of the Association;
To protect and advance the interest of all Ordinary Members and Associate Members and secure mutual advantages;
To encourage its members to provide quality service, to keep abreast of the changing needs of the travelling public, and to promote good relationships between the industry and the public;
To promote international, regional and domestic tourism;
To acquire, preserve and disseminate information and to provide educational programmes of value to the membership and the industry;
To stimulate fellowship and friendship among its Members;
To plan and organize project that will enhance productivity in the hotel industry;
To undertake human resources development programme;#p#分页标题#e#
To make representation on matters of interest affecting the industry to the local authorities, the State Government and the Federal Government, and other organisations within and without Malaysia;
To do anything proper, suitable and necessary for achieving these objectives and any others which are proper and lawful objectives of a national trade Association, all of which shall be consistent with the public interest as well as in the interest of the hotel industry.
CHAPTER 8: ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF MALAYSIA
Malaysia, is blessed with a economy which is growing and which is comparatively open state-oriented and newly industrialized market economy. Malaysia is a middle-income country, which had started transformation from 1957, by emerging into multi-sector economy from a producer of raw materials. Tin, rubber and palm oil remain vital, but have been overtaken by new industries. Malaysia is now one of the world's major exporters of electronics and electrical products.
Malaysia's had became an enticing country for investors which is having an political and economic firmness, practical and realistic investor friendly business policies, cost productive personnel, developed infrastructure, similar to that of any western country and a host of other amenities.
Malaysia has achieved 14 uninterrupted years of trade surplus. Their total trade in 2011 reached RM 1.269 trillion, an boost of 8.7% compared to 2010, the highest total trade ever done. Export shows a positive growth with an increase of 8.7% to RM 694.55 billion for the year 2011 and imports rose by 8.6% to RM 574.23 billion.
GDP
GDP : GDP : $453 billion ( PPP, 2011)
Sector wise GDP Contribution : Agriculture : 12.0 % , Industry : 40.0% Services: 48.0% ( 2011 est.)
The Malaysian economy has been astonishingly elastic. The QOQ GDP for 2012, accelerated to 5.4 per cent from a revised 4.9 per cent. The growth was driven by strong domestic demand, with striking year-on-year growth in private and public consumption and investment outlays.
The government projected Malaysia's GDP to grow between 4.5% and 5% in 2012 while for 2013, it forecast growth at between 4.5% and 5.5 percent.
GNI per year is 48000RM and creates 3.3 million new jobs because of the economic transformation programme which covers well paying middle to high income groups.
Consumer Price Index
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the period January to October 2012 increased by 1.7 % to 104.8 compared with that of 103.0 in the same period previous year.
Consumer Expenditure
Consumer expenditure in Malaysia increased to 99812 MYR Million in the third quarter of 2012 from 92693 MYR Million in the second quarter of 2012.
Consumer confidence in Malaysia rose to a 6 year high while more than two-thirds of Malaysians were positive about their job prospects and personal finances.
Malaysian Currency
The Malaysian ringgit (plural: ringgit; currency code MYR; formerly the Malaysian dollar) is the currency of Malaysia. It is divided into 100sen (cents). The ringgit is issued by the Bank Negara Malaysia.
1 MYR= 18.2086 Rs.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy 2011---Monetary policy in 2011 remained encouraging of growth, while managing inflationary pressures. Monetary policy in 2012 paid attention on managing economic augmentation, containing the risks of inflation and preventing the build-up of financial imbalances.
In the second half of the year, however, the downside risks to domestic economic growth increased appreciably due to worsening global economic and financial circumstances, whereas the upside risks to inflation had begun to be realistic. Given the balance of risks, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) considered the existing Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) level to be accurate and kept the policy rate unaffected for the remainder of the year
The Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) is their policy instrument, and is used as a channel for short term interbank rates which will optimistically influence inflation and economic growth.
Foreign Exchange
Malaysia continues to uphold a broadminded foreign exchange management rules which are mainly prudential measures to support the overall macroeconomic objective of maintaining monetary and financial stability.
The fixed change rate was abandoned to floating exchange rate in July 2005. Bank Negara Malaysia to be responsible for administration,etc. of this Act, and Foreign exchange is being controlled by Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia and to appoint other officers. The performance of the RM during the 2011 year was influenced by volatility in international financial markets
The central bank has sufficient international reserves to attenuate volatility in the foreign exchange market to prevent severe currency movements
Interest rates
The yardstick interest rate in Malaysia was last reported at 3.00 %. Historically, from 2003 until 2012, Malaysia Interest Rate averaged 2.9 percent reaching an all time high of 3.5 % in April of 2006 and a record low of 2.0 Percent in February of 2009. The Central Bank of Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia. Is responsible for making decisions regarding interest rates The official interest rate is the Overnight Policy Rate.
Malaysia unemployment Rates
In September 2012, the unemployed persons in total were 413,900 including the fresh 66,700 unemployed persons, while the number of employed persons recorded a marginal declined by 18,100 persons to 12.55 million persons. This situation contributes to the unemployment rate by 3.2 % in September 2012, an increase of 0.5 percentage point from 2.7 per cent in the previous month.
Historically, from 1998 until 2012, Malaysia Unemployment Rate averaged 3.3 Percent reaching an all time top of 4.5 Percent in March of 1999 and a record low of 2.8 Percent in March of 2012. The unemployment rate can be defined as the no. of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force.
Income Distribution
The pressure of overall strategies for public expenditure components on public is the outcomes of income distribution. The impact of public expenditures by various elements seems to favors urban households as opposed to rural household groups as well as Malay household groups as opposed to other ethnics. Hence, it could be said that, the public expenditure allocation has reduced the income inequality between ethnics, but it has wider.
Stock Market
On April 14, 2004, Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange was renamed Bursa Malaysia Berhad, following the demutualization exercise, the purpose of which was to improve competitive position and to respond to global
trends in the exchange sector by making themselves more customer-driven and market-oriented. The wholly owned subsidiaries of Bursa Malaysia own and run the many businesses like security exchange, Bond market etc.
Bursa Malaysia also has a variety of progressive products and services which covers equities, derivatives, offshore listings and services, bonds and Islamic offerings.
National Debts
Up to Second Quarter 2011, government debt in total has reached RM437 billion, or approximately 53% of nominal GDP.
Based on Budget 2012 estimates, total Malaysian government debt outstanding should reach just over RM495 billion by the end of 2012.
Based on 2012 numbers, the per capita debt should reach a little over RM 17,000 per person by the end of that year.
Public Debt : 53.2% of GDP (2011,est.)
Revenues : $59.8 Billion(2011,est.)
Expenses: $73.8 billion (2011,est.)
Rate of Inflation
The inflation rate in Malaysia was recorded at 1.30 percent in September of 2012. Inflation rate refers to a general increases in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The many well known measures of Inflation are the CPI Index which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy.
Malaysia trade
Total exports : 60.21 RM billion ( Sep. 2012)
Total imports : 53.74 RM billion ( Sep. 2012)
Malaysia’s total trade in September 2012 grew by 5.8% to RM113.94 billion compared with 107.74 billion Ringgit in September 2011. ASEAN was the major contributor to the growth, with trade expanding by RM4.34 billion.
Of the total export 67.3% is contributed by Manufactured goods, 107.43% is contributed by mining goods and 11.4% Agriculture goods and 0.9% Other Sectors#p#分页标题#e#
There is an Increase of export by 1.7% in 2012 compare to 2011.
Many contribution involves by Electrical and Electronics products.
Growth of exports to ASEAN, the United States of America (USA), India and Taiwan supported the boost in Malaysia’s exports of 2.6% to RM60.21 billion in September 2012. Imports rose by 9.6%
to RM53.74 billion.
External Trade :
Malaysia is important Member of the WTO by virtue of its membership in the GATT since 1957.
As a trading nation, membership in the WTO has contributed to Malaysia’s economic growth.
Through active participations in WTO negotiations, Malaysia continues to make sure that trade regulations and trade measures that are negotiated are fair and provide the flexibility for Malaysia to continue its development policy.
Malaysia free trade agreement involvement :
International trade is an important contributor to Malaysia 's economic growth and development.
Malaysia 's trade policy is to pursue efforts on the way to creating a more liberalizing and fair global trading environment.
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are generally aimed at providing the means to achieve faster and higher levels of liberalisation that would create effective market access between the participants of the FTA.
Malaysia has established Free trade Agreement (FTAs) with the following countries:
Japan, Pakistan, New Zealand, India, China &, Australia.
Fiscal Deficit
Malaysia proposed goods-and-services tax (GST) to help improve government revenue and plans to reduce some subsidies to put an end to its fiscal deficit by 2020
Malaysia aims to cut its fiscal deficit to 2.8% of gross domestic product by 2015, and it is on track to narrow the budget gap by every year through 2020
The fiscal deficit is expected to fall to 4.7% in 2012 from 5.4% previous year
The electrical & electronics (E&E) industry
The electrical & electronics (E&E) industry is the leading sector in Malaysia's manufacturing sector, contributing considerably to the country's manufacturing output (26.94 per cent), exports (48.7 per cent) and employment (32.5 per cent).
Exports of manufactured goods in September grew 2.4 % year-on-year and 7.6 per cent month-on-month to 40.86 billion RM.
Major export products for the month were electrical and electronic products (35.4%).
The strong E&E industry in Malaysia is a outcome of the Government‘s initiatives to promote labor intensive and export-oriented industries.
The presence of top electronic manufacturing services (EMS) companies such as Flectronics, Solectron, Celestica, Jabil, Plexus and Sanmina-SCI provides opportunities for home companies to be part of their supply chain in the supply of equipment, materials, parts and components, and various dedicated services such as contract design, failure analysis burn-in testing, and rapid prototyping.
Other local supporting industries focus on activities such as moulds, tools and dies, plastic injection, metal stamping, surface treatment, moulding and M&E (Mechanical & Electrical). Nowadays, there are more than fifty companies operating as contract manufacturing services (CMS) or EMS companies.
Electrical and Electronics
Malaysia current global position in the E&E industry
According to UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, Malaysia is among the five major exporters of semiconductor devices in the world and continues to open huge investment opportunity for the industry players by attaining world-class capabilities and talents. E&E industry is today the main manufacturing sub-sector in terms of GDP contribution in this country. The sector employed some 462,000 people or 43% of whole employment in the manufacturing sector, and contributed 62% of total manufactured exports
Being a foot-loose industry, the electronics sector could be built up anywhere in the world with the necessary infrastructure. But Malaysia, beginning with its initial lucky start in 1972, continued to remain the first choice of the electronics players (until late 1990s), because it remained hungry, tuned in to the needs of the manufacturing, adjusted to the changing electronics waves’ needs and provided the needed incentives to attract them.
Sectors In E&E industry
The E&E manufacturers in the country have continued to move-up the value chain to manufacture higher value-added products. These include intensification of research and development efforts and outsource non-core activities domestically.
The E&E industry in Malaysia can be divided into four sub-sectors:
Electronic components
Industrial electronics
Consumer electronics
Electrical products
Electric Component
The major electrical products manufactured under this sub-sector are lightings, solar related products and household appliances like air-conditioners (ac), refrigerators, vacuum cleaners and washing machines. In 2011, Investments in the sub-sector made to RM9.7billion, of which 91.4% is dominated by foreign investments while domestic investments accounted for 8.6% of the total govt. approved investments in 2011.
The introduction of Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) in country in 2011 has encouraged the usage of renewable energy in the country. The growing awareness of the significance of the green technology including renewable energy has led to the introduction of the LED roadmap by the Malaysian Government. This has spurred the growth of the LED industry and opens up new opportunities for many both local and foreign investors in developing Malaysia’s LED industry.
Industrial Electronics
This sub-sector consists of multimedia and information technology ( IT ) products such as computers, computer peripherals , telecommunication products and office equipment. The Industrial electronics sub-sector accounted for 24 percent of the total investment approved in the electronics sector in 2010. In 2010, the most of the investments approved amounting to RM2.6 billion were from Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS). Companies manufacturing low volume and high mix products for various applications such as medical, aerospace, oil and gas ( O&G) and telecommunication.
Consumer Electronics
Malaysia‘s consumer electronics devices market defined as the addressable market for computing devices, mobile handsets and AV devices, was estimated at about US$10.7mln in 2011. This is expected to increase to US$13.5bn 2015, driven by growing incomes and growing affordability of key products. Demand will grow at a CAGR of about 6 percent, as Malaysian consumers get back confidence. Economic growth will reasonable in 2011 and 2012, but total Malaysian spending on consumer electronics will remain robust in key product segments such as LED TV sets.
Electronics components
Within the electronics components subsector, semiconductor devices are the major contributor, comprising more than 30% share of the E&E exports. Malaysia is currently the Global leading place for semiconductor assembly and test operations, with more than 70 manyly multinational companies (MNCs) specialising in these type devices. Semiconductor products constituted of export value RM97,856.5million (US$32,837.75million).
Future and Initiatives of E&E industry
Malaysia had currently shifted its focus for raising the present E&E industry in Malaysia to the upper or higher value chain of E&E supply chain as example focusing on far upstream such as integrated circuit (IC) design activities or far downstream such as application and end product design.
To push the E&E industry to a top level, under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) launched by the Government of Malaysia , a few sub-sectors namely integrated circuits, solar photovoltaics, LED ( light emitting diodes), solid state lighting and integrated electronics have been identified for greater promotion based on their potential to contribute significantly towards GNI targets.
The government in Malaysia had started its strategies on semiconductor clusters with leveraging on information and communication technology (ICT) and enhancing its R&D capabilities. The Malaysian government's investment in human resources development (HRD)and creation of Centers of Excellence will help drive the execution of these strategies, maintain the country's growth and move the economy up the value chain.
Beside the conventional Renewable Energy system that harvesting and regenerating energy from natural source of power such as sun, air, wave, etc; generation of Renewable Energy from biomass is also key Renewable Energy focus area which Malaysia has tremendous indigenous resource advantage from wood-based as well as palm oil waste.#p#分页标题#e#
There are a number of innovative achievements resulted from collaboration between Malaysia’s government and companies either regional or multinational companies. One such example is the Malaysian Microchip (MM Chip) RFID program where the govt. through the National Science Advisor Office has embarked on a joint development program with a few key Japanese companies such as Toppan Form ,FEC International, Torex, Zixsys, and Fujikura to build up world class RFID chip with built-in antenna.
Malaysia had adopted a variety of best practices for High-Tech development in the country through benchmarking, collaboration and smart partnership exchanges as well as developing some localize approach for our own industry where Clustering of Smart-Cities are one of the models being adopted. Malaysia has a selected agency under Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MANYI).
Malaysian Industry-Government for High Technology (MIGHT) which was formed to champion the mutual research, smart partnership for harmony building among the government and industry to look into promoting High Technology industry, way of doing things as well as to incessantly improving the working model to bring and care for Malaysia’s technology industry forward.
Malaysia has transformed and promoted its Local Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to become more technologically innovative and resilient to add to independent GDP growth with more high-skilled employment and value-added product and productivity.
Towards greener Technology
Malaysia recognizes the wonderful growth probable in the solar energy sector and is putting in place attractive incentives and support facilities to appreciate its development. Malaysia is all set to create a globally aggressive solar industry cluster. Till date, Malaysia has fascinated five foreign direct investments(FDI), worth up to RM13.8bil, to set up solar PV manufacturing facilities in Malaysia.
The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water had realized the potential and thus it is putting extraordinary efforts in the lunar energy sector in the country and has launched several programmes such as Malaysian Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme (MIEEIP) , Centre for Education and Training in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CETREE) and the Feed-in Tariff for renewable energy production.
This project is aimed at intensifying the usage of solar energy as an alternative source of electricity as well as to jump start local capabilities and development of the solar industry in Malaysia.
CHAPTER9: ENVIROMENTAL ASPECTS OF MALAYSIA
Overview of the environmental factor with aviation industry In Malaysia that deal with the all included factors which fall in environment category such as air pollution, water pollution, industry wastage pollution and other wastage pollution. This all factors of environment affect to the industry who want to develop a new project in Malaysia. As we had taken the aviation industry for detailed study that environmental factor is affect it in detailed.
Overview to the industry, The aviation industry is a very fastest growing industry in a current scenario. It is a very large industry with rapid growth. In last few years, travel by airbus has been growing 6% per year and it is scheduled airlines that carried more than 1 billion passengers in last three years.
In Malaysia, The airline industry requires large capital involvement with site suitability to cover large no. of population. For example, the desires for aircraft that is close observed by the government regulation made by Malaysian government that more or less involved by department of aviation and department of environment, that create competition with tourist transport and its required necessary to have adeptness to operate and administer at a high level.
In Malaysia, airlines are separated into two categories that include:
1) Passenger airlines
2) Cargo airlines.
Based on Malaysian aviation industry, the first aviation centre in country was in Alor Setar when KLM is in full swing that providing standard services fortnightly in the late 1920s. In 1929, there is first two airstrips which built by the British government in Alor Setar and Taiping.
With current scenario in aviation industry, country has a one of the world-class airport in Kuala Lumpur that is International Airport in Sepang in Malaysia. In that airport they have their own skilled airbus operator and pilots and training institutes and academies with world’s fastest-growing low-cost carrier, Air Asia.
According to the department of civil aviation, there has been so much more to be proud of for Malaysia aviation sector because Malaysia is an associate member of ICAO council by selected in election was held in 2007 Malaysia’s election to the ICAO Council was due to its commendable aviation safety and security records and its ability to present with other states in the Asia Pacific region.
In Fact, as a Contracting State, Malaysia committed to the strategic objective of ICAO for reducing the impact on the environment. The Continuous Descent Approach at KLIA is a procedure of flight that imposed on aircraft which arriving at the Malaysian airport in order to greenhouse emission reduction. In the world, Malaysia was the first to implement such a procedure.
In terms of economic benefits regards to Malaysian aviation, Malaysia’s Air transport to, from and within it creates three different types of economic benefit. Typically, studies with special focus on the ‘economic footprint’ of the aviation industry, measured by its contribution to Gross Domestic Product, jobs and tax related revenues generated by the industry and its supply chain. But fact is that, the economic value generated by the industry is more than that.
The prime benefits are created for the industry preferred customer, the shippers or passengers, using the airbus transportation services. Addition to the link that create connections between most of the cities and markets that represent well important infrastructure asset that creates benefits through enabling business clusters, foreign direct investment, specialization of airlines benefits and other spill-over impacts and assessments’ on an economy’s productive capacity and ability.
In terms of Contribution to Malaysian GDP, The aviation sector contributes Malaysian Yearly Revenue generates 7.3 billion (1.1%) to Malaysian GDP. It total comprises to Malaysia that 3.2 billion directly contributed through the productivity of the aviation sector, 2.6 billion indirectly contributed through the aviation sector’s supply chain and 1.6 billion contributed to the expenses generated by the employees of the aviation industry as well as its supply chain.
In addition, yearly revenue around 17.2 billion in ‘catalytic’ profit with tourism department, that raises the total contribution to 24.5 billion or 3.6% of Gross Domestic Product. Transport by airbus is critical for the distribution of large value to heavy weight products. Air freight may be only an account for 0.5% of the tonnage of worldwide trade with the rest part of the world, but in terms of value, it makes up approximate 34.6% of the total.
In Malaysia Major employer in aviation sector that support to employment around 102,000 jobs. That totally included, 35,000 jobs directly supported by the aviation sector, 42,000 jobs indirectly supported through the aviation sector’s supply chain and 25,000 jobs supported to allocating the expenses by the employees of the aviation industry and supply chain of it. In addition, there are more than 243,000 people employed by the catalytic (tourism) effects of aviation industry.
Malaysia’s aviation that Contribution to public finances, it pays over 564 million in social security contribution and tax including income tax receipts from employees and corporation tax based on profits. It is anticipated that an additional 603million of government income is raised with help of the aviation sector’s supply chain and besides 367 million through taxation of the activities boosted by the spending an expenses of employees of both the aviation industry with its supply chain.
Empowering long-term economic growth in Malaysia, there were 111 routes connecting Malaysia to urban agglomerations around the world in last few years. With an average of 3.4 outbound flights per day along these routes in Malaysia airlines. Out of all airlines there are 26 routes connecting Malaysia to other cities of more than 10 million citizens, with 2 outbound flights per day available to passengers at airport. Regular Frequencies of flights are higher to the most economically important destinations to reach.
For example, passengers benefited from 29 flights per day from Kuala Lumpur to Dubai International Airport and 4 outbound flights from Kuala Lumpur to Ahmedabad International Airport, and from, providing high speed ability for business and leisure purposes throughout the day.
Malaysian aviation industry with its economic footprint is comprised of two different types of activity that involve Airlines transporting people and freight and Ground-based infrastructure. Both of that includes the airport facilities, the services provided to the passengers on-site at airports, such as ticketing, retail and baggage handling and catering services, together with air navigation and air regulation and essential services provided off-site.#p#分页标题#e#
The airlines industry in Malaysia supports Gross Domestic Product and the employment offered in Malaysia through four distinct channels are direct, indirect, induced and catalytic. With individual, direct dealing with the output and employment of the firms in this sector. Indirect that deal with the output and employment supported by the aviation sector’s Malaysian based upon supply chain. Induced deals with employment and output supported by the spending of directly employed in the aviation sector.
Catalytic support to spill over benefits associated with the aviation sector. Some of these include the activity supported by the spending of foreign visitors travelling to Malaysia via airbus, and the level of trade directly enabled by the merchandise transportation.
Malaysian airports and ground-based services need ground-based infrastructure to operate the industry. This infrastructure includes the facilities at Malaysian airports that directly or indirectly serve passengers, such as ticketing, retail, catering outlet and baggage handling. Less visible are the important services that sometimes provided off-site, such as air regulation and air navigation, as well as the some local activities of freight integrators.
There are five largest airports in Malaysia
1. Kota-Kinabalu International Airport
2. Kuala Lumpur International Airport
3. Penang International Airport
4 Kuching International Airports
5. Miri Airport
With all that handle approximate 43 million passengers per year with total 53 million passengers that arrive and depart from Malaysian airports every year. Around 805 thousand tons of freight is annually handled. The ground-based infrastructure directly contributes 0.9 billion to the Malaysian economy (GDP). It contributes indirectly another 0.8 billion through the output it supports down its supply chain. In addition to 0.4 billion comes through the spending of those who work in ground-based facilities and its supply chain.
The environment of Malaysia refers to the geologies and biotas that compose the natural environment of this Southeast Asian nation. Ecologically, Malaysia is a mega diverse nation with a bio-diverse range of flora and fauna found in various eco-regions throughout the country. Malaysia's total land area, Tropical rain forester compass between 59% to 70% and 11.6% is pristine. Around the world, Malaysia has the fifth largest mangrove area, which totals mangrove area over a half a million hectares.
In Malaysia, a significant threat is a Human intervention to the natural environment. In the country Forestry, Agriculture and urbanisation contribute to the devastation of mangroves, forests and other thriving ecosystems. Landscapes and Ecosystems are dramatically altered by manpower development, including unlimited to the road construction and river damming. restrained climate revolutionize occurs as a straight result of air pollution and the green house effect, which in turn is caused by the release of greenhouse gases.
In Malaysian Geographical phenomena, flooding and landslides in the Klang Valley, alongside stem from widely extend deforestation and haze. Near the coastline of Sarawak and Sabah, long line areas are under threat from current sea level rise.
In Malaysia, the Department of national park and wildlife is responsible for fauna and flora prevention. The environment in Malaysia is the subject to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment at the federal level. Several environmental organisations have been established to elevate awareness regarding the environmental issues in Malaysia.
In terms of Ecoregions and land use in Malaysia, There are different ecoregions with varying degrees of prevalence. In the country, grass and shrubs make up 2% , Major forests account for 45% of all ecoregions, major wetlands constitute 3% interrupted woods represent 33% while remain coastal aquatic regions and area form 8% of the Malaysia’s land area, with such crops and settlement taking up the rest space.
There are many national parks in Malaysia, along with that The Taman Negara National Park is 130 years old in central peninsula in Malaysia making it oldest rainforest around the world.
Around 41% of the land area in a country is classified as “low human Disturbance”, 40% comes under the “high human disturbance” and 19% is fall in “medium human disturbance”. Remaining 2.7% of the land is totally protected, 1.77% is partially and 4.47% is partially or totally protected.
The government of Malaysia used The Air Pollution Index (API) is to describe the quality of air in a country. The value of API is calculated based on concentrated average of air pollutants, namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and fine dust. The highest concentration of air pollutant is the pollutant that will decide the value of the API in which Fine dust is the dominant pollutant typically.
In Malaysia, The Environmental Quality Act 1974 and its regulations call for environmental impact assessment, pollution control assessment, project sitting evaluation, self-enforcement and monitoring. Industrial activities of the country are required to take the following approvals from the country’s Director-General of Environmental Quality prior to new project implementation: site suitability evaluation, written approval for incinerator installation, written notification for construction permission, license to operate occupied premises and prescribed conveyances and finally most important is prescribed activities involved in environmental impact assessment.
In addition to prescribed activity that related to Environmental Impact Assessment an investor should check first of all whether required an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for his proposed activities related to industry. Aviation industry activity prescribed under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987, which require an EIA before project approval for Airport are Airship development in national parks and state and secondly airports construction.
Site Suitability Evaluation is one of the most important factors for approval of obtaining environmental for the proposed project. It is evaluated based on the compatibility of the project with respect to the local plans or gazetted structure, provision of buffer zones or set-backs, surrounding land-use, the capacity of the area to receive pollution load in addition, and requirements for waste disposal.
Site suitability evaluation (SSE) is the main process for approve site suitability to all projects development that are DOE referred. For both prescribed and non-prescribed activities, site suitability evaluation has gone through and it must be done before EIA ensured to conduct the site that suitably selected for the activity proposed and surrounding land-use compatibility. It also help the proponent project that cost saving cost conducted EIA if the site is unsuitable.
For overview of Malaysian Environmental Administration and Legislation in Malaysia with regards to Development of Environmental Administrative Framework and Legislative System that include following:
First related to Development of Environmental Policies with Environmental Quality Act 1974 that Faced with worsening polluted water caused by the three different traditional industries of natural rubber, tin mining and palm oil on the one hand, and on the other by new industrial pollution brought about by some industrialization policies that pursued since the late 1960s and foreign capital inflow fostered, Malaysia in 1974 enacted with its first framework environmental legislation that in the form of the Environmental Quality Act 1974.
By passing this law, country embarked on a committed program that control industrial pollution that include wasting water which was not regulated previously, factories air pollution, and some solid waste problems. With the same year in Malaysia, ministry of science, technology and environment set up environmental administration within the Department of Environment.
In Malaysia, Every five years they formulate a Malaysia Plan (MP) that provides a road map of socioeconomic policies. From 1975 to 1980 covered The Third Malaysia Plan was the first to environmental policy incorporated that aimed at environmental integrating which concerns to development planning and Since then, with the next Fifth Malaysia Plan from1986 to1990 and Sixth Malaysia Plan from 1991 to 1995, the government of Malaysia has made its environmental policies which is more substantial and concrete.
As cited in the country’s plan, the most important thrust of specific policies that based on these objectives which include appropriate treatment of solid waste; incorporation of environmental consideration in land use planning; improvement of air pollution and river water quality and finally promotion of energy saving and new energy use.
Malaysia has also an active privatization program in different sectors that aimed to solving the current shortage of technical and human resources in state enterprises, which also improving efficiency of management. This environmental sector is no exception, with privatization that already underway in some areas such as scheduled facilities of waste disposal, sewage treatment and monitoring pollution. Malaysia is also keen to skills utilization in the privatization sector through such other initiatives too, such as the registration system’s introduction for environmental consultants for environmental impact assessment carrying out.#p#分页标题#e#
Second related to Environmental Administrative Framework and Department of Environment that include, the supervisory agency which is in charge of environmental administration in country is the Department of Environment of Malaysia which was established in 1975 under the provisions of the Environmental Quality Act 1974. Malaysia's administrative framework, the Department Of Environment that belongs to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, but it is an independent organization. With a local offices and staff of nearly 500 throughout the Malaysia, the Department Of Environment has a similarly setup to the Japanese Environment Agency.
The Department Of Environment also has comprehensive jurisdiction over the environmental administration that related to activities of industries and it is charged with the formulated environmental rules and regulations and enforcing legislation that carrying out monitoring in relation to air pollution, water pollution, and hazardous substances that conducting environmental impact assessment which is proposed development projects and carrying out evaluation of Site Suitability to proposed factories.
Third related to Framework Environmental Legislation on Industrial Pollution include country’s system of environmental legislation that based on the law of Environmental Quality Act 1974, was introduced in 1974 and came into force in 1975.
From 1957 when Malaysia gained independence from the Britain until than enactment of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, country had no fundamental laws relating to control on environmental and used separately pieces of legislation, such as the Forest Enactment, waters Enactment, and mining Enactment, to directly deal with issues related to environmental. However, the intent of these environmental laws was not to protect the environment entirely.
At present, country’s control on environment for pollution related to industries consist of a raft of orders and regulations, formulated all separately for each activity prescribed under the provisions of the Environmental Quality Act, addition with a number of guidelines. The specific contents and requirement of this legislation, such as emission standards and other particulars, are very well set forth in the various regulations that drawn up separately for air pollution, wastewater and so on.
Fourth related to Environmental Requirements for Industrial Operations in Malaysia include that while companies in Japan are expected to properly comply with control on waste water and all other control on environmental.
In Malaysia, anyone who will proposes to plan to build a new plant or to expand that existing facilities must go through a different variety of formality related to environment at each and every stage of project construction and planning.
These all formalities that included for conducting environmental impact that assessment with now presenting written permission or its approval, and also obtaining the licenses.
For a fresh new project, such as plant construction in a country, for example in Malaysia, environmental impact assessment is must required at the first planning stage if the project is a prescribed activity. Even if the new project is related to a non-prescribed activity than Evaluation of site suitability is required.
In addition to Pollution Problems that Beginning from Traditional Industries which include Environmental pollution problems in country have a long history with effect. River water pollution by mine wastewater and sludge began with the fast growing or rapid development of tin mining, and a traditional industry that first started at the new turn of the century around 100 years ago.
Than after last years, with other traditional industries such as palm oil production and natural rubber began in earnest, and with wastewater from the factories and industries that caused further pollution of seas and rivers.
From the 1960s, country pursued fastest growing or rapid industrialization supported by foreign country’s investment, but then after the result of this industrialization was a raft of problems regarding pollution that caused by industrial wastewater and some other kinds of wastes that lastly became very apparent from the late 1970s.
An overview that problems related to Water Pollution is arguably the most fundamental environmental issue in a country since the Malaysia’s problem related to pollution began with water pollution that caused by the main three traditional industries of natural rubber, tin mining and palm oil that as mentioned above.
Malaysian government's programme related to environment, therefore give its high priority to control over water pollution. Country does not publish that exact values of river water quality and its measurements for individual monitoring sites. Instead of water quality status which is published fewer than three rankings which are clean, slightly polluted, and polluted, that using a Water Quality Index which is based on six different parameters: pH, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids.
At present in Malaysia, water quality is regularly monitored at different 908 sites that are on the 117 rivers in Malaysia. Looking at all results for 1997, which are the most recently published data that shows 24 out of the 117 rivers were classified and results as clean, 68 resulted as slightly polluted, and 25 resulted as polluted. Comparing all these results with the data of previous year that is 1996, the number of rivers which are polluted that increased from 13 to 25, and the newly resulted number of slightly polluted rivers increased from 61 to 68.
Due to Low rainfall, resulted in reduction of flow rates in the Malaysian rivers, was cited as one of the main reasons for the increased pollution in a country. The Sources of pollution which are identified as contributing to Board of Directors loading that include the agriculture-based industries which are palm oil and natural rubber production, for instance, addition to manufacturing industry and lastly livestock industry.
An overview of Malaysian Air Pollution Problems falls into major three categories that pollution of air due to motor vehicle’s exhaust gas from mobile emission sources, principally in urban areas,, secondly haze caused by the Malaysian weather and by forest fires in neighbouring country Indonesia and third is pollution that caused by industrial activities. By all these three problems, air pollution from mobile vehicle emission sources is one of the greatest concerns.
In 1997, there were approximately 8.5 million registered cases of present motor vehicles in Malaysia that climbing at the rate of roughly 10 percent or some more every year.
With According to 1997 facts and figures, the estimated quantities of air pollutants in
Malaysia released by these vehicles were around 1.9 million tons of carbon monoxide gas, 101,000 tons of hydrocarbons, 224,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, 36,000 tons of sulphur dioxide and other 16,000 tons of particulate matter.
That shows Mean values for the years from 1993 to 1997 that the amount of air pollutants in Malaysia from mobile emission sources that accounts for around 81 percent of all added air pollution occurring in a country. The problem that becomes more critical clearly in Malaysia as the more number of motor vehicles keeps on increasing year by year.
In Malaysia Air pollution caused by industrial activities is still low compare to other country. Including industrial processes and industrial fuels, the industrial sector of Malaysia contributes only 8 to 9 percent of total air pollution. Exceptional for special industries such as rubber and quarry production, activities of industry are not a major factor.
In Malaysia, related to air pollution measurement, currently 29 air qualities monitoring stations runs in a country, continuously taking and measuring air pollution readings. As with water quality in Malaysia, the results are published according to an Air Pollution Index.
The Air Pollution Index consists of five different parameters which are PM10, SO2, CO, ozone and NO and these readings are more classified in five rankings with good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous.
An overview of waste problems in Malaysia that refers to Industrial waste is one of the greatest environmental dilemmas that affecting Japanese companies and all those industrial activities conducted in Malaysia.
Until 1997 country still had get no approved final disposal facilities which are as prescribed in the legislation of Malaysia, for dealing with the all scheduled wastes that defined in the set of all regulations and orders which are enacted in 1989. For nearly a decade in Malaysia, companies of Japan had to go to great lengths with on-site storing scheduled wastes.
For taking an example, if country wanted to deal with their all wastes in compliance with the law of country. Scheduled wastes cover a wide range of all industrial wastes. They include dangerous and hazardous substances but it also sludge generated by general manufacturing processes and treatment of wastewater. The volume of these scheduled wastes were generated in Malaysia is year by year increasing as industrial activity booms.#p#分页标题#e#
In Malaysia’s environmental programs Scheduled wastes are given high priority and penalties for its illegal dumping which are quite strictly enforced.
In Malaysia There are frequent court cases that are dealing with all about illegal dumping, and the issues of waste disposal will likely be a big headache in nearby future years for companies of Japan and for other foreign countries companies which are operating in Malaysia.
At last Other Environmental Problems in Malaysia are in various forms of development that have resulted in soil erosion, deforestation, species endangering, and a raft of some other problems that are related to the ecosystem and natural environment and. In relation to all activities of industry that however, noise pollution can be cited as implied problem particularly. Country currently has some regulations that governing motor vehicle created noise pollution, but there are no as such any specific regulations about countries general factory and industry noise other than in the working environment.
However, the EQA Act 1974 has a new section on control on noise pollution, and the government of Malaysia is drafting further more regulations. Monitoring of noise pollution levels measurement in the factories vicinity and its construction sites has also start, following complaints from residents nearby the factories or industries in Malaysia.
With management perspective related to water pollution that regulation on water pollution of Malaysia refers to natural rubber, Tin mining and palm oil production were once the major industries in country, and because the Malaysia’s first considered pollution problem was as such water pollution that caused by these three major traditional industries in country, water pollution is given most highest priority in country’s regimes.
According to 1997 that estimates from the DOE (Department of Environment), domestic wastewater contributed around 70 percent of organic water pollution as such measured by demand of biochemical oxygen load that followed by pig rearing that contributed approximately 27 percent. Thus in Malaysia, the pollution that load due to the sector included manufacturing industry and agriculture-based industries such as natural rubber and palm oil production is minor in all these days.
However, water pollution in Malaysia is resulting from growing fast or rapid industrialization is a most growing concern in the community, and also such controls on wastewater controls that focused on wastewater of industry that are the most effective in practical terms of country's all environmental regulations.
The regulations in Malaysia that directly affect to the activities of industry of Japanese companies are the standards of wastewater provided for in the Environmental Quality included industrial effluents and sewage regulations 1979. These standards concern for the country not only industrial wastewater but same limit that values apply to country’s domestic wastewater as well.
Methods which are used for analysis of Wastewater for analyzing quality of water comply with the "Standard and applied Methods for the Examination of wastage of Water and water," jointly published by the American Water Works Association and American Public Health Association and the Water Environment Federation. By the potassium dichromate test, Chemical oxygen demand levels are detected as per CODCr.
Either the method that used as open or closed reflux reactor method is mostly acceptable as the method of measurement of COD. As discussed in last, CODCr gives a better and higher reading than the result given by potassium permanganate test which is used in Japan.
With management perspective to the air pollution that related to some industrial emission standards that include emission standards for stationary sources that based on the Environmental Quality with Clean Air that Regulations in 1978 which is stipulate a high standard value for each and every emission source for all four categories of pollutants that include dust of solid particles, black smoke, metals or related metallic compounds and some gaseous substances. The category of metals or metallic compounds includes seven different substances from which such as cadmium, mercury and zinc.
For managing the air pollution, the gaseous substances category which includes nine different substances such as chlorine gas, acid gas, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen sulphide. For the all seven types of metals or metallic compounds, the rules and regulations that apply to all industries for air pollution management. For hydrogen chloride, chlorine gas, chloride, and hydrogen sulphide and the regulations apply to all emission sources.
In further addition to the above all mentioned emission standards for industry, factories and stationary emission sources, the regulation act which is the Environmental Quality with Clean Air Regulations 1978 that require some companies to adopt a "best practicable means" such policy in all regard to the operation methods, manufacturing processes, pollutant removal facilities, raw material selection and so on, that in order to render this harmless as a wide variety of irritating or toxic air pollutants.
For managing Clean Air Regulations that also grant authority to the Malaysian Director General of the environment to order a particular company to cease operations for a new set duration if its equipment which control pollution control that breaks down or if any kind of health damage is caused by the industry or factory.
At last that management related to industrial waste that include problems that implicated by Malaysian industry as such in Section 1, the greatest challenge that environment facing in Malaysia is the major problem of burgeoning industrial and factories wastes that brought about by the fast or rapid pace of expansion of industry. Scheduled waste is the main problem surrounds, which are subject to strict all laws and regulations related to industry.
According to environmental legislation such as the Environmental Quality related to Scheduled Wastes Regulations act 1989 that solid wastes is defined in the legislation that scheduled wastes or others can only be finally disposed which is prescribed to the disposed facilitate by the Director General of the Department of Environment in Malaysia. However, until 1997, or for nearly a decade after the rules and regulations came into force by government, no prescribed as such final disposal facilities existed in country.
Country has a semiconductor industry robustly in which a more contingent of Japanese companies taking part in it. At present, all companies which are carrying out the so-called downstream process in manufacturing of semiconductor that the assembly process after all the silicon wafers are sliced.
This is just because they are not be able to cope with that final disposal of the growing rapidly increased volume of scheduled wastes which if integrated manufacturing process that including the upstream process that was carried out in country.
We analyse that in Malaysia environmental impact assessment that procedural requirement made for it that anyone who want to proposing a fresh development project that is obliged to carry over a some number of processes that to evaluate project's effects on the country’s environment before its implementation finally. The procedures are for mandatory conditions that obtaining some permission to operate a factory in a country, and no new development projects can get underway throughout without completing these all procedures follow-up.
For detail procedure to approve for a new project is the completion of all environmental impact assessment. If the proposed new development project that going under through all 19 categories of procedural activities that earlier prescribed under the Environmental Quality with Environmental Impact Assessment Order 1987 and the same project proponent that must be prepared an Environmental impact assessment report in accordance with that stipulated procedures which submit it to the governments Director General of the Department of Environment, and finally obtain it for approvals.
For regulation act in Malaysia with Environmental Impact Assessment System that requires following to apply all 19 categories of activities, such as construction of waste treatment, coastal reclamation airport construction, industries, and disposal facilities, as earlier prescribed in the detailed schedule that appended to the Environmental Quality with order to Environmental Impact Assessment 1987.
This order has sets forth the scope and size of the activities which is prescribed in each category. In general in Malaysia, these all activities which are based on development projects on large-scale that more potentially have some severe impacts on the country’s environment.
Final deal with Site Suitability Evaluation for new project is required for such prescribed activities that not subject to the Environmental Impact Assessment system.
Whereas the Environmental Impact Assessment system which first emphasizes prevention of all environmental impacts by large-scale and small scale development projects with Site Suitability Evaluation that assesses whether a development project will cause any problems to environment, most particularly in relation to some surrounding residential areas and citizens nearby it.#p#分页标题#e#
The aim for this is to encourage all companies to select more appropriate factory sites for that business. The evaluation of that is carried out that based on the Department Of Environment's published brochure that detailed "Guidelines for the Sitting and Zoning of Industries." In which any person who wishing to build a factory in country is obliged to contact the Department Of Environment that in regard to site suitability.
CHAPTER 10 : NATURAL RESOURSES
Our study is concentrated on the Asian country Malaysia’s Natural resources and rubber industries. A country which is contained around thirteen states. With its parliamentary democracy with also the kings and queen are there to control the nation. As it’s also a commonwealth nation which is get free from United Kingdom .Very good political control over count
ry and the system is very concerned on the disciplines. The wonderful natural system that much rain is in there. The different culture’s developed and the multiple religions are there. Languages are also increased in use such as English and contact with china also increase the mandarin as language.
Malaysia situated in the south East Asia. Near the South China Sea which divide the country in parts. Malaysia has very different kind of topography with the multiple geography structures. Very good length of coast line that help in the area of business of the sea transport and fishing and other marine business.
Malaysia have border are with country like Indonesia and Thailand, the location wise the culture and development are much nearly similar between those country. The Monsoon is seasonal and the level of the heat and cold remain constantly neutral. Heavy rain falls create the lash greener area and the forest are nurtured by tithe Level of the solar energy is also high compare to the white country’s but lower that east Asia countries like India.
We have found that, Malaysia has positioned itself to be the world‘s leading producer and exporter of rubber products. One of the challenges for the Malaysian rubber industry is to remain competitive against cheaper products from low-cost producers, particularly the China and India, through higher productivity and quality. The rubber products of Malaysia industry also has to remain resilient in competing with other natural rubber producing countries such as Thailand and Vietnam, as these countries also have easy access to readily available raw materials.
Natural resources, particularly those of soil, water, plant and animal diversity, renewable energy sources, atmosphere, and eco system services are essential for the structure and reason of agricultural systems and for common and environmental sustainability. A holistic, or systems-oriented approach, is preferable as it can agreement with the complex issues linked with the complexity of food and other production systems in different ecologies, locations and cultures.
The resources available in Malaysia are different and many in numbers. Irrigation system and good rainfall creates the production of agriculture product. As area is in the sea that will face many times flood and the forest can have fire. As the greenhouse effect and the climate change affect this country at large the environmental protection also needed to increase in the multiple situations it follows as climate change.
Malaysia has different community in its place as many foreigners came to this country and live there. Languages are also very different and multi-cultural effect is shown in this country. Urbanization is very high and it’s also increased. The education level is also high and it’s about to the most of the people in country. Employment of young people is lesser in compare to world.
Government system in the country is both following the old system as well as democracy. The country is both in hand of people as well as the rulers. As the system work in the UK the government is working with the kings.
Legal system is following the different rules of the commm0on law as well as the different religious laws. The system of the selection of candidate is a democratic way. Court of law is following the hierarchy level.
From the study we have found that, The Malaysian government promotes the liberated market with limited state interfering and export-oriented industrialization. Its exports to the worldwide market were used to support efficient use of the country's assets and produce hard currency, which was necessary for further growing into areas of technical and industrial modernization. In the mid-1960s, Malaysia established 5-year planning, to certain areas of economic growth and social changes, and for infrastructure development.
In spite of these efforts, the government was unwilling to institute federal control over the state's economy. This has concerned worldwide investors and really contributed to the quick economic growth, mainly in the manufacturing and service sectors of the Malaysian economy.
The organization of the Malaysian economy has changed during the last two decades. According to the World Bank, the number of manufactured production grows from approximately 20 % of GDP in the early 1980s to 31.5 % of GDP in the late 1990s. Manufactured products accounted for around 85 % of gross export earnings in 1999, with electronic goods becoming one of the most significant products. Malaysia continues, to export tin, gold, bauxite, ilmenite (a titanium ore), oil, and gas.
Meanwhile, the position of agriculture in the country's economy has also been declining, although it provides employment to large no of Malaysians. Yet, Malaysia remains one of the world's principal exporters of rubber and timber and produces almost partly the world's palm oil.
Malaysia has a very varied economy. The manufacturing sector is conquered by huge multinational corporations, with largest companies. Meanwhile, the agricultural sector is conquered by medium and small firms.
Malaysia economy is rising as its resources and the knowledge power in the competitive advantages are increased. The country’s economic growth is highest and in the top situations in the increasing of its wealth. Increasing in the public as well private sector boost the economy in the effective way. Growth of the Job is also raised as the rising rate of the private firms.
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