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留学生SAT考试论文范文

论文价格: 免费 时间:2011-06-11 16:23:03 来源:www.ukassignment.org 作者:留学作业网

Oneof the most important aspects of a person is his orherjob. Whether a person is a basketballstar, high schoolteacher, or astronaut, it is the job that defines aperson’slife. Even schoolwork determines 留学生SAT考试Essay范文whatdailyactivities one chooses to do. Workis the essential base of aperson’s livelihood and sets the daily schedule of aperson anddetermines what people that person interacts with.

Oneexampleis my schoolwork. I value my educationand prioritizeit, making sure that I complete my homework before I begintorelax. When I go home, I make itmandatory that my homeworkis done before I begin to do things required for myextracurricularactivities or play. Vacations and doctor appointments are scheduledaround my school yearand school day respectively. Thegroupof friends I decide to associate with is also determined by myacademics. All of my friends also place theireducationfirst, giving all of us no temptations or pressure to go anddo a fun activitybefore the work is done. This results inanenvironment that is based upon

my schoolwork and facilitatesmylearning.

Anotherexamplewould be my father’s job as an airline pilot. Although avery good job, it requires him towork an extremely oddschedule. Forexample, he sometimes may not even be at homefor an entire week and then mayspend the next week not even working.However he and my family have learned how to deal withthis. He gives us his monthly schedule of flightsand we allschedule in time to spend with 留学生SAT考试Essay范文him. His days can range from coming tomy soccer games, to going to one of mysister’s ballet recitals, tochaperoning a field trip to Sea World. His friends are also,for the majority, fromhis work. Whenever he can, heschedulespoker games with his copilots and also takes us to companyparties. His best friend now is his main copilot and Icansee that they have formed a bond of camaraderie.

Asone cansee, the type of work determines not only one’s daily scheduleand life, butalso the friends that one associates with. For me and myfather,

my schoolwork and his piloting determine when weplay work, andspend family time together as well as the people we spend themost timewith. Work tells us what to doeveryday and without it, wewould all be lost.

什么是APA格式?
APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式,特别针对社会科学领域的研究,规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法,以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知,其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。   
正式来说,APA格式指的就是美国心理学会(American Psychological Association)出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》,目前已出版至第五版(ISBN 1-55798-791-2),总页数超过400页,而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年,当时只有7页,被刊登在《心理学期刊(Psychological Bulletin)》。   另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式(The MLA Style Manual),主要被应用在人文学科,如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。#p#分页标题#e#

格式
  虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥,但APA格式仍备受推崇。期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料,写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。譬如,手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字,不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。

标题
  根据APA格式,标题是用来组织文章,使得其有层次架构。APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式(1到5级),此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页,级数和格式如下:   第1级:置中大小写标题(Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)   第2级:置中、斜体、大小写标题(Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)   第3级:靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题(Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading)   第4级:缩排、斜体、小写标题,最后加句号(Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period)   第5级:置中大写标题(CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING)   根据APA格式,若文章标题有:   1个级数:使用第1级标题   2个级数:使用第1和第3级标题   3个级数:使用第1、第3、和第4级标题   4个级数:使用第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题   5个级数:使用第5、第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题   (按:2个级数以上以大标题→小标题方式使用)   注意:   目前并无六级以上的标题规定。 APA格式不允许“数字”和“单一字母”出现在标题之首。

文献引用
  文献引用是在一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注。APA格式使用哈佛大学文章引用格式,通常来说,一个引用包含了作者名和发表日期,以括号夹注(有时会再加上页数),放在引用文字或句子之后。   详细的引用或参考资料则放在位于文章最后的“参考文献”或“Works Cited”部分。APA格式明确的定义“参考文献”只放入文章内容引用的来源,所以有些文章才会有“参考文献(Reference)”和“Bibliography”的分别。(Bibliography另外包含了作者背景知识的来源,不一定是直接被引用的文献。)   单一作者   格式应为“(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及,只需标出年份就好(若需要可加上页数),仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。   A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.   两位作者   作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用,名字中间需加上“&”符号;若不在括号内则使用“and”。   A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.   3至5位作者   第一次引用时需列举全部的作者,往后若引用相同的文献,只需举出最主要的作者,再加上“et al.”。但是,在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。   A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, & Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).   6位作者以上   举出第一位作者即可,格式应为“(作者 et al.,年份)”。在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。   Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.   多篇文献,同一作者   若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)   A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism   多篇文献,多位作者   根据上一个的规则,并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母,接着是发表年份。   A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004, 2005; Sirkis, 2003)   直接引述   格式与前述无不同,一样为“(作者,年份,页数)”。   When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said "I think it's the reinforcement" (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).#p#分页标题#e#

参考文献清单
  APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以姓氏的字母顺序来排列,包括姓氏的前缀。譬如,Martin de Rijke应被改成“De Rijke, M.”;Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。(阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“−”,所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。)
纸本文献
  单一作者著作的书籍:   Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.   两位作者以上合著的书籍:   Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.   文集中的文章:   Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.   期刊中的文章(非连续页码):   Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.   期刊中的文章(连续页码):   Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.   月刊杂志中的文章:   Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.   报纸中的文章:   Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.   政府官方文献:   Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
线上文献
  什么是APA格式针对电子文献、网站和线上文章,APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则,第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源,第二为提供其有效的参考来源。   网络文章的打印版本   Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.   电子期刊的文章(只有网络版的期刊)   Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址   电子短信(newsletter)的文章   Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址   单篇线上文献(无作者及著作日期)   What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from 网页地址   从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献   Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址   从数据库搜寻的期刊文章的电子复制版本(3至5位作者)   Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.   电子邮件或其他个人通讯(限定文字)   (A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).   储存于光碟的书籍  #p#分页标题#e#什么是APA格式 Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.   储存于录音带的书籍   Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.


 

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