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Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 1
REFERENCING USING THE HARVARD AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM Developed using the Commonwealth of Australia Style manual for authors, editors and printers of 2002
PART A: REFERENCING AND ITS IMPORTANCE
澳洲论文REFERENCING格式Referencing, or citing, means acknowledging the sources of information and ideas you have used in an assignment (e.g. essay or report). This is a standard practice at university. It means that whenever you write an assignment that requires you to find and use information from other sources, you are expected to reference these resources in your writing. Sources could include books, journal or newspaper articles, items from the internet, pictures or diagrams.
Why reference?
In academic assignments you are required to read widely so that you can identify the current thinking about a particular topic. You can then use the ideas expressed by other people to reinforce the arguments you present in your assignment. The referencing in your assignment shows two things:
the range of ideas and approaches to a topic that you have found and thought about
your acknowledgement of where these ideas came from
By using references appropriately, you will show the breadth and quality of your research and avoid plagiarism.
Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s ideas and/or the way they express their ideas as if they are your own. So, when you present a sentence in an assignment without a reference, or words without inverted commas (‘……’) it means that you are, in effect, saying to your reader that those ideas, information or words are your own original ideas or words. If they are not, then you may have plagiarised. Most plagiarism is unintentional and appropriate referencing helps writers to avoid unintentional plagiarism.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 2
The ‘rules’ of referencing?
There are three main rules of referencing.
1. A reference must be included every time you use someone else’s ideas or information.
2. A reference must be included when you:
paraphrase (express someone else’s idea in your own words)
summarise (express someone else’s idea in a reduced form in your own words)
quote (express someone else’s idea in their exact words)
copy (reproduce a diagram, graph or table from someone else’s work).
3. Each reference must appear in two places:
shown as a shortened reference in the text of your assignment each time it is used (the in-text reference)
AND
listed in full once in the reference list at the end of the assignment. This listing has full details so that your reader can find the reference.#p#分页标题#e#
The two most common types of referencing systems used are:
author-date systems—such as the Harvard system, APA and MLA
numerical systems—such as Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and Footnote
Which referencing system to use
Follow the system that is specified for your course. Look in your course handout materials or if still unsure, check with your lecturer for the system that is required. The following systems are required in the following Schools:
School of Commerce Harvard author-date referencing system
School of Management Harvard author-date referencing system
School of Marketing Harvard author-date referencing system
International Graduate School of Business Harvard author-date referencing system
School of Psychology American Psychological Association (APA) author-date referencing system
Resources for a number of different systems are available through the Learning and Teaching Unit’s website. They are available at: http://www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students/study/referencing/default.asp
澳洲论文REFERENCING格式Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 3
PART B: THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
In every referencing system each reference must be:
shown each time you use it in the text of your assignment (the in-text reference)
AND
listed once in the reference list at the end of the assignment
The In-text reference
When you cite (identify) references in the text of your assignment include:
the author’s or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible). Do not include given names or initials
the year of publication
page numbers if appropriate and where available
In many cases, you just need to use the family name plus date. For example:
Many factors are known to affect the successful outcomes for students at university (Johnston 2003).
OR
Johnston (2003) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of students at university.
In the examples above, the sentence summarises the main view expressed in an article written by Johnston and does not come from one page only. Also note that the first example highlights the information but the second one highlights the author of that information.
There are cases where you also need to include a page number in the brackets. For example:
McLaine (2002, p. 16) stated that productivity among 69 percent of workers was found to be affected by work related stress.
You need to include the page number when you:
use a direct quote from an original source
summarise an idea from a particular page
copy tables or figures, or provide particular details like a date
When there are two or three authors for a reference, you include all their family names in your in-text reference. For example:#p#分页标题#e#
According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2002) the use of this process leads to greater accuracy.
but if there are more than three authors for a reference you use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘and the others’) after the first family name listed on the reference. For example:
This has been suggested by Sandler et al. (2002) in their first Australian study.
‘Et al.’ is used for the first and every time you give an in-text reference for more than three authors. However, all the authors, no matter how many there are, are listed in the Reference List in the same order that they are listed in the original reference.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 4
The Reference list
The Reference list in the Harvard Author-Date system:
is titled ‘References’
is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name
is a single list—books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together and not arranged in separate lists
includes the full details of your in-text references (author, date, title, publishing details)
is not a bibliography—you do not need to produce a bibliography for your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is limited to the in-text references in your assignment
Setting out the items in a Reference list using the Harvard system
The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order:
author, date, title, publication information.
The title is placed in italics and the elements are separated by commas.
Example of a book
The main elements required for a book are set out in this order:
author, date, title, publisher, place of publication.
Daly, J, Speedy, S & Jackson, D 2004, Nursing leadership, Elsevier, Sydney.
Example of an academic journal article
The main elements required for a journal article are set out in this order:
author, date, ‘title of article’, title of journal, volume number, issue number, pages of article
Davis, L, Mohay, H & Edwards, H 2003, ‘Mothers' involvement in caring for their premature infants: an historical overview’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 578–86.
Author’s family name followed by a comma and initial(s)
Title of the article in single inverted commas, capital for first word only, comma after the second inverted comma
Volume number of the journal
Number of the issue
Page numbers of the article, with an En dash between and a full stop at end
Ampersand (&) joins second or last author— no comma after last author's initials
Title of the journal in italics, followed by a comma
Year of publication and comma— no brackets#p#分页标题#e#
Author’s family name followed by a comma, then initial(s)
Year of publication followed by a comma
— no brackets
Title of the book in italics, followed by a comma. Upper case used for first word.
Publisher
Place of publication
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 5
Example of an electronic publication
Thomas, S 1997, Guide to personal efficiency, Adelaide University, viewed 6 January 2004, <http://library.adelaide.edu.au/~sthomas/papers/perseff.html>.
Using bibliographic/citation management software with the Harvard system
There are a number of different versions of the Harvard author-date system. The main differences between these versions are in formatting, punctuation and capitalisation. Some students like to use citation management software such as RefWorks and EndNote which enable them to establish their own database of references; store references on this database; transfer references from the database to their own documents (e.g. assignments); and choose the referencing system in which the references will be formatted. (For further information about this software explore the ‘Managing References’ link on the Library’s homepage)
Both RefWorks and EndNote allow the user to transfer references in the Harvard author-date system, but the versions of the Harvard system in both software packages are different from the version outlined in the University of South Australia’s materials. Because of this, it is recommended that students using citation software to compile their reference lists, add a note to their assignments to show this. For example, a note such as the following could be added below the heading ‘References’:
This Reference list has been compiled using the RefWorks (or EndNote as applicable) version of the Harvard author-date system
Author’s family name followed by a comma and the initial(s)
Year of publication followed by a comma
— no brackets
Date accessed from www—comma after year
The internet address (URL) is enclosed in < and >, with the full address and followed by a full stop if at the end of the item
Title of the article in italics, followed by a comma
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 6
Some Frequent questions
1. Referencing an idea or information by one author (Author 1) which occurs in a book or journal article by another author (Author 2). The rule is that you must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text reference; but in your reference list you only list the item you read, that is, by Author 2. For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 1) in a book by Strauss (Author 2) you need to mention both in your in-text reference. So the in-text reference would be written as:#p#分页标题#e#
Lim (Strauss 2004, p. 71) stated that … OR
Lim’s study (cited in Strauss 2004, p. 71) indicates that … OR
Lim’s 1972 study (Strauss 2004, p. 71) shows that … OR
Strauss (2004, p. 71) in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the aspect … OR
But, in the reference list you list only Strauss (Author 2 - the source you read) and not Lim (whose idea you only read about in Strauss).
2. Referencing two different authors who have the same family name You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding their initials to the in-text reference (which usually only has the family name and date). For example:
The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, HJ 1971) but since then many researchers, including DE Johnson (2001), have rejected the idea.
3. Referencing the work of an author has written more than one work in the same year You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year date and keep these letters in your reference list as well. For example you might write:
In a recent publication Pedder (2001b) argued that this process was only applicable in a few circumstances and that for small business alternative processes were more suitable (Pedder 2001a).
The order in which you attach the letters is determined by the alphabetical order of the title of the works by the author.
4. Referencing information from my lectures or tutorials or study guide You do not cite your lectures, tutorials or study guide as sources unless your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research you are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas that are relevant from various sources
5. Referencing sources without an author or a date A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date. Where there is no author given, look for a sponsoring body like an organisation or government department responsible for the information. Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the book, article or document on the screen as the ‘author’.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 7
Where there is no date, use n.d. (no date). If a resource has no author and no date you need to consider whether it is a suitable source for academic work.
6. Referencing graphs or diagrams that are copied A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date as an in-text reference. This also applies when you use other people’s pictures or graphs or figures. You also need to make clear if you have been adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes.
An example of referencing a graph:
Modes of support (Hussin 2004, p. 3)
7. Referencing an article from a Book of Readings from a course Generally the readings are referenced using the bibliographic material on the front page of each reading. This means that you reference each reading back to the book or journal in which they were originally published.#p#分页标题#e#
8. Presenting exact quotations Short quotations are fewer than 30 words. They should be written in single quotation marks (‘….’) and as part of your own sentence. They are accompanied by an in-text reference including a page number. For example:
A recent report showed that ‘the levels in the soil were at critical levels’ (Ang 2005, p.6).
Long quotations are more than 30 words. They should be written without any quotation marks, indented (using Tab key) at the left, and introduced in your own words. A smaller type size can be used. They are followed by an in-text reference including a page number. For example:
Australians have developed:
an emerging interest in values, vision, meaning and purpose which is the common characteristic of societies facing the end of a chronological era …each new decade is approached as if it holds some new promise (Mackay 1993, p.231).
The three dots after the word ‘era’ show that a word or words have been left out .
0123456789101112Number of InstitutionsGenericwebsitesTailoredonlinematerialsEmailserviceIn-countryprogramsCD-RomsOnlinelanguagecoursesVideo, book+ WebCTLAS in-country staffModes of SupportUnratedNot EffectiveQuite EffectiveVery Effective
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 8
A sample essay which demonstrates the use of the Harvard referencing system
The essay
Comments on the referencing
… Quantitative research is most often associated with pure sciences like physics and chemistry and is the ‘how much’ of research methodology. Babbie (2001, p. 37) stated that quantitative research is ‘… where things are quantifiable, measurable, explained and finite’. Data are usually derived through testing, experimentation and calculation and the results are often reported as graphs, numbers, percentages, statistics and scales. From an epistemological point-of-view, quantitative research sits within the domain of the empiricist or positivist where:
When paraphrasing: always identify author and date
Ellipsis (…) shows a word or several words been omitted
The observer is dispassionate and independent of the object of observation. Knowledge is objective, generisable, and can [usually] be used to predict and control future events (Sanderson 2001, p. 198).
In contrast, the qualitative methodology is the ‘what’s it like?’ facet of research which is concerned with ‘images, feelings, impressions and qualities’ (Bouma 2000, p. 19). Researchers develop and pose their own theories and hypotheses – rather than testing and proving existing ones.
Denzin and Lincoln (1998, p. 28) describe how each ‘strategy of [research] inquiry [is connected to] … complex literature … a separate history … and a bundle of skills’. For example, when health workers and educators research their practice ‘action research’ is often undertaken. This can be defined as ‘a form of collective self-reflective inquiry undertaken by participants in social situations in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own social or educational practices’ (Kemmis & McTaggart cited in Masters 1995).#p#分页标题#e#
Long quotations are indented
Square brackets show a word(s) has been added
When quoting: identify the author, date and page no.
(p.=page; pp.=pages)
Use square brackets to show words added to the original quote
Primary reference
(Kemmis & McTaggart) you read about in a secondary reference (Masters)
No page because it is an electronic source
Qualitative research provides an ‘ideographic’ or ideas based world view which takes into account culture, personality and other nuances related to humans and society (Babbie 2001, p. 37; Smith cited in Sanderson 2001, p. 216). The research methodologies associated with qualitative research are concerned with elucidating new knowledge through careful and deep observation of real life. The approach is inductive and generates hypotheses, rather than testing them (Williamson, Burstein & McKemmish 2002, p. 26). Unlike the empiricist/positivist worldview with its emphasis on prediction and control, Sanderson (2001, p. 215) describes the emphasis as being on a mutual understanding by researcher and researched.
Several sources cited at once
Three authors of one chapter
Both quantitative and qualitative research methods have their supporters and need not be seen as operating separately from each other. For example, in the humanities area most often associated with qualitative methods, there is also widespread use of quantitative methods. An example of this is when social workers study and measure social problems such as poverty and mental illness. Barry (1998) describes how the coding of qualitative research enriches data analysis and provides a ‘more comprehensive summary of theoretical ideas’.
Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and date)
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 9
Indeed, well known uses of quantitative methods of research today are the Gallup polls so often quoted in local newspapers around election time (Sarantakos 1998, p. 4). Other examples often reported in the news media are the findings of health studies on popular topics. For example, Peric (2004) describes Burns’ recent study in Perth that found ‘big [tea] sippers who’d been imbibing for 20 years were two thirds less likely to develop [prostate] cancer than the control group’. This simple example demonstrates the figures, findings and methodologies that typify quantitative research. So …
Internet documents: have no page numbers (eg Peric)
References
Babbie, E 2001, The practice of learning social research, 9th edn, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Belmont, California, USA..
Barry, CA 1998, ‘Choosing qualitative data analysis software: Atlas/ti and Nudist compared’, Sociological research online, vol. 3, no. 3, viewed 5 April, 2004, <http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/3/3/4.html>.#p#分页标题#e#
Bouma, G 2000, The research process, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic.
Denzin, NK & Lincoln 1998, ‘Introduction’, in Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials, eds NK Denzin & YS Lincoln, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
Masters, J 1995, ‘The history of action research’, in Action research electronic reader, ed. I Hughes, viewed 5 April 2004, <http://www2.fhs.usyd.edu.au/arow/o/m01/m01.htm>.
Peric, H 2004, ‘Tea drinking prevents prostate cancer, Perth researcher finds’, ABC Online, viewed 1 April 2004, <http://www.abc.net.au/southwestwa/stories/s1037036.htm>.
Sanderson, G 2001, ‘Undertaking research in international education’, Journal of Australian Research on International Education Services, vol. 2, no. 3, Winter, pp. 197–239.
Sarantakos, S 1998, Social research, 2nd edn, Macmillan Education Australia, South Melbourne, Vic.
Williamson, K, Burstein, F & McKemmish, S 2002, ‘Introduction to research in relation to professional practice’, in Research methods for students, academics and professionals: information management and systems, 2nd edn, ed. K Williamson, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW.
Listed alphabetically by author’s family name and with a space between each reference
Edition is placed after the title
Online electronic journal
Book
Multiple authors
Page on a website
Online electronic document
Journal article
Book
Chapter in an edited book
Place with state if not capital city
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 10
PART C: EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING USING HARVARD
Books
Basic format for books: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.
Example
An example of an in-text reference
The entry in the reference list
Book with single author
Escritt (2000) argues that…
Escritt, S 2000, Art nouveau, Phaidon, London.
Book with 2 or 3 authors
According to Cooper, Krever and Vann (2002) …
OR
It has been argued (Cooper, Krever & Vann 2002) that …
Cooper, GS, Krever, E & Vann, RJ 2002, Income taxation: commentary and materials, 4th edn, Australian Tax Practice, Sydney, NSW.
Book with more than 3 authors
As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, p. 14)…
Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Book with no author
As shown in Networking essentials plus (2000) …
Networking essentials plus 2000, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.
Book with no date
This has been emphasised by Seah (n.d.) when …#p#分页标题#e#
Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.
Electronic book
Trochim (2000) maintains that…
Trochim, WM 2000, The research methods knowledge base, 2nd edn, viewed 14 November 2000, <http://www.socialresearchmethods.met/kb/index.htm>.
2nd or later edition of a book
Several characteristics support this (Derham 2001, p. 46) and …
Derham, F 2001, Art for the child under seven, 7th edn, Australian Early Childhood Association, Watson, ACT.
Translated book
Popularity of the novel Les Enfants Terribles increased after translation (Cocteau 1961).
Cocteau, J 1961, Les enfants terribles, trans. R Lehmann, Penguin, London.
Edited (ed.), revised (rev.) or compiled (comp.) book
Walpole (ed. 2001) questions whether
Walpole, M (ed.) 2001, Tax administration in the 21st century, Prospect Media, St Leonards, NSW.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
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Edited book with more than 3 authors
… key diagnostic tools (eds Sandler et al. 1995)
Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffer, PB (eds) 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, 3rd edn, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
One volume of a multi-volume set of books
It has been implied (Einax 1995) that …
Einax, J 1995, Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Applications, vol. 2, Handbook of environmental chemistry, Springer, Berlin.
Encyclopaedia or Dictionary – with author
Chilvers (1998, p. 225) demonstrates that …
Chilvers, I 1998, 'Funk art’, in The Oxford dictionary of 20th century art, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 225.
Encyclopaedia or Dictionary - no author
The Hutchinson encyclopaedia (2001) defines ethics as …
No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and date of the encyclopaedia or dictionary as an in-text reference.
Book sponsored by an institution, corporation or other organisation
Deni Green Consulting Services (2001) has compiled …
Deni Green Consulting Services 2001, Capital idea: realising value from environmental and social performance, Deni Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria.
Chapter in an edited book
In conclusion, Cicourel (1999) emphasises …
Cicourel, AV 1999, ‘The interaction of cognitive and cultural models in health care delivery’, in Talk, work and institutional order: discourse in medical, mediation and management settings, eds S Sarangi & C Roberts, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 183–224.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 12
Journal articles
Basic format for journal articles: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article,’ Title of journal, vol and issue numbers, page range.#p#分页标题#e#
Example
An example of an in-text reference
The entry in the reference list
Journal article with single author
This procedure has received support (O’Hara 2000, p. 1548) and …
O'Hara, MJ 2000, ‘Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds? Lunar petrogenesis revisited’, Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1545–1651.
Journal article with two or three authors
Williams, Sewell and Humphrey (2002, p. 18) acknowledge …
OR
It has been acknowledged (Williams, Sewell & Humphrey 2002, p.18) that …
Williams, RA, Sewell, D & Humphrey E 2002, ‘Perspectives in ambulatory care. Implementing problem-based learning in ambulatory care’, Nursing Economics, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 135–141.
Note: If the article is accessed using a database (e.g Ebsco, Academic Science Direct) there is no need to refer to the database in the reference. Journals which have an electronic form may be accessed using different databases and these can vary from library to library.
Journal article with more than three authors
The fact that alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins are not derived from edited mRNAs (Chang et al. 1999, p. 3971) suggests that …
Chang, L, Lin, S, Huang, H & Hsiao, N 1999, ‘Genetic organisation of alpha-bungarotoxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait): evidence showing that the production of alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited mRNAs’, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 3970–75.
Note: The use of italics for Bungarus multicinctus is a scientific convention with species and genera
Journal article with no author
Such a strategy is already in use (‘Building human resources instead of landfills’ 2000) and …
‘Building human resources instead of landfills’ 2000, Biocycle, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 28–29.
Journal article from an electronic journal
… and this has been established by Garcia (2004) who …
Garcia, P 2004, ‘Pragmatic comprehension of high and low level language learners’, TESL–EJ, vol. 8, no. 2, viewed 2 December 2005, <http://berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej30/a!.html>.
Journal article accessed using an electronic database
Carpenter and Feroz (2001) link this idea with …
Carpenter, VL & Feroz, EH 2001, ‘Institutional theory and accounting rule choice: an analysis of four US state governments' decisions to adopt generally accepted accounting principles’, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 26, nos 7–8, pp. 565–596.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 13
Electronic publications
Basic format for electronic publications:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of document or website, date viewed, <URL>.#p#分页标题#e#
Example
An example of an in-text reference
The entry in the reference list
Electronic book
Trochim (2000) maintains that…
Trochim, WM 2000, The research methods knowledge base, 2nd edn, updated 2 August 2000, viewed 14 November 2001, <http://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.htm>.
Journal article from an electronic journal
… and this has been established by Garcia (2004) who …
Garcia, P 2004, ‘Pragmatic comprehension of high and low level language learners’, TESL–EJ, vol 8, no. 2, viewed 2 December, 2005, <http://berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej30/a!.html>.
Note: If the article is accessed using a database (e.g Ebsco, Academic Science Direct) there is no need to refer to the database in the reference. E-Journals may be accessed using different databases and these can vary from library to library.
A World Wide Web site
The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs’ website (2004) has details of …
Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs 2004, The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra, viewed 7 March 2004, <http://www.immi.gov.au/>.
Document on World Wide Web
This is clarified by desJardins (1998) who identifies …
desJardins, M 1998, How to succeed in postgraduate study, Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, viewed 26 April 2001, <http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/jardins/t.htm>.
Document on World Wide Web with no author
An overview of lung cancer was provided in Lung Cancer (2004) and …
Lung Cancer 2004, msn Health, viewed 12 June 2004, <http://content.health.msn.com/condition_center/lung_cancer/default.htm>.
Document on Worls Wide web with no date
This is clarified by desJardins (n.d.) who identifies …
desJardins, M n.d., How to succeed in postgraduate study, Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, viewed 26 April 2001, <http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/jardins/t.htm>.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
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Document on World Wide Web, without an author but with a sponsoring body
In discussing the issues related to Mp3s (Mp3-mac.com 2003) the …
Mp3-mac.com 2003, What is Mp3?, viewed 15 October 2003, <http://www.mp3-mac.com/Pages/What_is_Mp3.html>.
Document on World Wide Web with no author or no date
If a resource from the www. has no author and no date you may need to reconsider whether it is a suitable source for academic work.
Electronic thesis (ADT collection)
Price (2000) has argued that …
Price, K 2000, ‘Exploring what the doing does: a poststructural analysis of nurses’ subjectivity in relation to pain’, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, PhD thesis, University of South Australia, viewed 10 May 2004, Australian Digital Theses Project, <http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/adt-root/public/adt-SUSA-20030501-145110/index.html>.#p#分页标题#e#
Media release on the World Wide Web
The Minister confirmed this (Pirelli 2003) in a media release issued in the same week that the questions were raised in Parliament.
Pirelli, A (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2003, CASA approves new safety measures, media release, 1 April, Department of Transport and Regional Services, Canberra, viewed 14 April 2003, <http://www.dotrs.gov.au/media/pirelli/archive/2003/apr_03/al6_2003.htm>.
Discussion lists, newsgroups
Patterson (2001) acknowledged this in a posting on the …
Patterson, S <[email protected]> 2001, ‘Something’s got to give’, list server, 29 January, National Association of Sceptics, viewed 8 February 2003, <http://www.nsa.net.au/listserv/>.
Email
Davenport confirmed this by email on 1 August 2003.
Emails are dealt with in the same way as personal communications. The document is mentioned in the text but no entry is given in the reference list. It is important to get permission of the person being referred to before mentioning them.
Computer program
A program was developed (MathWorks 2001) to …
MathWorks 2001, MATLAB, ver. 6, computer program, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA.
For more examples of how to reference electronic publications, see the University of Wollongong Author-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 15
Special publications and materials
Basic format for special publications and materials: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, publisher, place of publication
Example
An example of an in-text reference
The entry in the reference list
Conference paper
It has been shown (Hills 2000) that …
Hills, QG 2000, ‘Relative timing of deformation, metamorphism and mineralisation within the Willyama Complex, New South Wales’, in Proceedings of the 14th Victorian Universities Earth Sciences Conference, Geological Society of Australia, Melbourne, pp. 38–42.
Newspaper article
(with author)
As Ionesco described (2001) in his article…
Ionesco, J 2001, ‘Federal election: new Chipp in politics’, Advertiser 23 October, p.10.
Note: An initial ‘the’ in English language newspaper titles is omitted
Newspaper article (no author)
… in the Advertiser (23 October 2001, p. 10).
Advertiser 2001, ‘Federal election: new Chipp in politics’, 23 October, p. 10.
Government report
The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1997) considered that …
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1997, Bringing them home: report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families, (R Wilson, Commissioner), Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney.#p#分页标题#e#
Patent
Ultimately Tadayuki, Kazuhisa and Atsushi (1999) took out a patent in Japan in 1999.
Tadayuki, O, Kazuhisa, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition and its production, Japanese Patent 99–78710.
Video, DVD or television recording
The processes involved have been well documented (They did it their way, 1998).
They did it their way 1998, video recording, BBC for The Open University.
OR if it is a broadcast television program it would be:
They did it their way 1998, television program, SBS television, Sydney, 5 May.
Radio program
The recent broadcast of The War of the Worlds (2006) did not cause the panic that resulted from the original in 1938.
The War of the Worlds 2006, radio program, ABC National, 17 March.
Written and revised by Learning Advisers in the Learning and Teaching Unit in collaboration with Librarians
© University of South Australia, June 2007
page 16
Pamphlet or brochure
Additional resources are identified in the pamphlet … (Online resources, publications, training 2001).
Online resources, publications, training 2001, Australian Copyright Council, Redfern, NSW.
Compact disk (CD) & Audio cassette
The original broadcast (War of the worlds 1999) in 1938 is said to have caused mass panic amongst listeners.
War of the worlds 1999, Mercury Theatre On The Air, audio CD, Radio Spirits, ASIN: B00002R145.
Standard
Ultimately the Standards Association published a standard covering colour in chocolate in 1996 (Standards Association of Australia 1996).
Standards Association of Australia 1996, Colour Standards for general purposes: Chocolate (AS 2700S-1996 (X64)), Standards Australia, North Sydney.
Personal communication
It has been confirmed by Seow (2003, pers. comm. 3 July) that this practice is widespread.
For personal communications such as conversations, letters, email s and faxes, the document is mentioned in the text but no entry is given in the reference list. It is important to get permission from the person being referred to.
Thesis
Pope (1996, p. 78) argued exactly this …
澳洲论文REFERENCING格式Pope, JJ 1996, ‘The nature and origin of magnetite-rich zones in the Mount Fort Constantine Volcanics, adjacent to the Ernest Henry Cu-Au-Co deposit, NW Queensland’, MSc. thesis, University of Leicester.
Unpublished report
Such habitats have been studied extensively by, for example, Sinclair, Knight and Merz (1999)
Sinclair, J, Knight, G & Merz, R 1999, ‘Video transect analysis of subtidal habitats in the Dampier Archipelago’, Museum of WA.
Unpublished conference paper
…and Wolff (2000) has argued this point at some length.
Wolff, L 2000, ‘Corporate compliance and human rights in Japan’, paper presented at the Australasian Law Teachers' Association Conference, University of Canberra, 2-5 July.#p#分页标题#e#
Document on microfiche
Richard (2001) suggests that…
Richard, P 2001, Towards the goal of full employment: trends, obstacles and policies, microfiche, International Labour Office, Geneva, Educational Resources Information Center, Washington, ED 477814.
Thesis on microfiche
Dance is seen as having an important educational role (Dominiak 1998).
Dominiak, KM 1998, The role of dance making for the older adult, microfiche, MappSci. thesis, Texas Woman’s University, Microform Publications, University of Oregon.
Source:
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane.
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