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Lewis 2004). In China, PPP was transplanted, during the time when there was a huge need for infrastructure for rapid economy development in 1980s. It has been applied as an 指导留学生论文approach in order to relieve public finance burden, particularly in the area of public infrastructure, thus it play a major role in public service provision (Cheng & Wang 2009). It is important to take note that PPP is not new to China because it had already existed in different forms and sectors since the late 1970s building upon the open door reforms that was introduced by Deng Xiaping in 1978 (Adams & Young 2006). Over the last decade, the subject of PPP has received much attention from different field of literature. One of the main causes was the development of the PFI by the Conservative Government in Britain after the enormous privatization program of the Thatcher years had wound down consequently, now private capital would be attracted to fund the construction of public infrastructure facilities including roads, bridges, tunnels, schools, hospitals and prisons, with the constructing enterprises then contracted in order to maintain and operate them for stipulated period into the future about 20 to 30 years. The private partners would recover their respective outlays and earn their financial rewards via fees to be charged for the use of these facilities over that period. In the end, the facilities would be reverted to the state (Wettenhall 2007). In terms of public service provision, urban spaces are considered as important aspect. River offers many ecological services functions for cities including water supply, biological protection and landscape amusement, at the same time, it also help to promote urban development with its social, economical and environmental values. However, with the growing number of urban size, increasing disturbances to rivers including dam building, water resources exploitation, water allocation, meander cut-off, river branches building up, riverbank solidification and riverside vegetation destruction, disturb river flow regime and water cycle process, have resulted in degradation of river ecosystem, particularly the accumulative impact of water pollution, overfishing, etc. (Zhao & Yang 2007). In connection, property-led urban development has always been a major feature of Chinese cities since 1990s, as a result; different efforts have been made in order to document policy and institutional changes in the country (Wu 2002). 1.2 Aim and Objectives The main aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the extent of appropriateness of PPP as a financing option for the revitalization of urban river spaces. Specifically, the following are objectives of the study: Study the general mechanism of PPP; 1.3 Research Questions Worldwide, urban river spaces have been heavily polluted and neglected due to the history of industrial development. This includes the different activities and processes being applied by different companies in individuals which had affected the river spaces in China. However, inhabitants, together with the business companies and organization appreciate high quality river spaces as attractive urban spaces. Therefore, it is important to focus on the different programs and activities that will help to improve and develop it. With this, it is important to focus on the funding or financing activities and because, PPP is gaining popularity as project financing option, it will be important to investigate the extent PPP can be appropriate and applicable financing option to revitalise urban spaces. The following are the questions that will be answered in this study: 1.4 Structure of the Research This study will be divided into 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces the background information about the research. It includes information about what to expect with the paper, at the same time, gives the reader the overview regarding the overall content of the paper. It also includes rationale of the study, which shows the motivation of the researcher about the topic. In this chapter, questions including: What exactly the researcher wants to study? The second chapter focuses on reviewing past literatures and studies about the topic. The review of the literature is considered as a vital component of thesis because it offers the reader a context for understanding why and how the study had been conducted, at the same time, communicates the knowledge of the researcher regarding the related research, together with the conditions which surrounds the justification of the research (Bui 2009). This offers a background to and justification for the research undertaken (Bruce 1994). In this chapter, different background information about PPP and its connection with urban river space or waterways in China will be presented, at the same time, present different studies and reports in the past about the success of applying PPP in funding public projects.#p#分页标题#e# The third chapter will describe the research design and the procedures implemented in the study by applying what have learned in the research preparation and in the review of the literature. This is considered as a critical aspect of the thesis because it will describe in detail how the research was conducted. It will describe and explains the research design including setting, measurement instruments, procedures and analysis that were used in order to complete the study (Bui 2009).
The fourth chapter is considered as the most important element of the study because it will present the results or outcomes of the thesis by applying what have learned from data collection and analysis (Bui 2009). This chapter will answer the important questions of the study, at the same time focuses on the main aim of the study. In this chapter, the data that have been gathered will be analyzed in connection with the different theories and information presented in the literature review. The fifth and last chapter will present conclusion and recommendation. This chapter will present the limitations of the study, which will help to show the different limitations of the study that might have affected its results or outcomes. With this, it can help the researcher to learn from his or her mistakes, at the same time, it will offer possible explanations for disappointing or unexpected results. Therefore, it will help the readers to make judgment regarding how the limitations affected the research. In addition, this chapter will also present recommendations of researcher (Bui 2009). This is important because it can help to reflect about the current status of the problem of the study. In the end, conclusion will be made in connection with the recommendation and the data analysis. This will help in order to present the main focus or point of the researcher.
Over the last decade or so, private-sector financing via public-private partnerships (PPPs) has become increasingly popular as a way of procuring and maintaining public-sector infrastructure, in sectors including transportation (roads, schools, prisons, social housing), social infrastructure (hospitals, schools, prisons, social housing), public utilities (water supply, waste water treatment, waste disposal), government offices and other accommodation, as well as other specialised services including communications networks or defence equipment (Yescombe 2007, p. xv). This chapter will present information and details about PPP as well as the current status of urban space or waterspace in China. 2.1 What is PPP? PPP can be defined as the arrangement whereby private parties participate in or offer support for the provision of infrastructure. Therefore, PPP project is the outcomes from a contract between government and a private entity to deliver public infrastructure based services (Cheng & Wang 2009). The UK Commission on PP defined PPP as: a risk-sharing relationship between the public and private sectors based upon a shared aspiration to bring about a desired public policy outcome#p#分页标题#e# The term public-private partnership describes different range of possible relationships among public and private entities in the context of infrastructure and other services. Other terms used for this type of activity include private sector participation (PSP) and privatization. While the said three terms are often used interchangeably, there are differences: PPPs offer a framework that while engaging the private sector acknowledge and structure the role for government in assuring the social obligations are being met and successful sector reforms and public investments achieved.
PSP is a term that is used interchangeable with PPPs. Yet, PSP contracts transfer obligations and accountabilities towards the private sector rather than emphasizing the opportunity for partnership. Privatization engages in the sale of the shares of ownership in a company of the sale of operating assets or services owned by the public sector. It is considered as the most common and more widely accepted in sectors that are traditionally considered public services including manufacturing, construction and others. When privatization occurs in the infrastructure or utilities sectors, it is commonly accompanied by sector-specific regulatory arrangements in order to take account of different social and policy concerns that are connected to the sale and continuing operation of assets used for the public services (Felsinger n.d.).#p#分页标题#e# 2.1.1 Characteristics of PPP PPPs are arrangement between the government and private sector entities in order to provide public infrastructure, community facilities and other related services. The said partnerships are characterized by the sharing of investment, risk, responsibility as well as reward between the partners. The primary reasons for establishing this kind of partnership vary but normally, it involves financing, design, construction, operation as well as maintenance of public infrastructure and services. The underlying logic for establishing partnerships is that both of the public and private sector have their different and unique characteristics which enable them to have advantages in a given aspect of service of the project delivery. The most successful partnership arrangements focus on the strengths of both the public and private sector in order to establish complementary relationships. The roles and accountabilities of the partners may be different depending on the project. For instance, in some of projects, the private sector partner will have vital involvement in all of the aspects the service delivery, while in others, only minor role (ADB n.d.). While roles and responsibilities of the said two sector partners may different based on individual servicing initiatives, the general role and accountabilities of the government do not change. PPP is one of the different ways of delivering public infrastructure and related services. It is important to consider that it is not a substitute for strong and effective governance and decision government, because in all cases, the government is still responsible for the deliverance of services and projects in a way that will protect the interest and rights of the public.
指导留学生论文PPP can vary based on the: (1) the degree of risk allocated between the partners; (2) the amount of expertise required on the part of each partner to negotiate contract; and (3) the possible implications for ratepayers. With this, there are different forms PPP which is shown in table 1. Type of PPPDescriptionApplicationOperation and Maintenance The local government contracts with a private partner to operate and maintain a publicly owned facilityA broad range of municipal services including water and wastewater and wastewater treatment plants, solid waste removal, road maintenance, parks maintenance/landscape maintenance, arenas and other recreation facilities, parking facilities, sewer and storm sewer systems. |
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