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指导留学生作业Critical thinking
Critical thinking is a part of general thinking process. During the thinking process ideas, assumptions, hypotheses, beliefs and premises are born as the result of working out psychological and biological reactions. Critical thinking consists of three important steps or stages. These stages are: becoming aware that certain assumption exists, making this assumption explicit and final steps are making sure in its accuracy. So, critical thinking assumes critical evaluation of any assumptions, which appear during our thinking process. In order to evaluate them critically, we ask ourselves several questions. Is this assumption true? Are there any special conditions, which make it true? Are there any special conditions, which make it false?
There are some general mistakes concerning critical thinking. Usually we tend to treat word “critical” negatively. We believe that critical evaluation brings negative effect trying to destroy any assumptions finding only their counterparts and blunders. In reality critical thinking is rather positive process, which creates more realistic perspective. Critical thinking is a very important process, because it includes realistic evaluations of unchecked facts and assumptions. Very often unchecked facts or information lead to wrong decisions and poor consequences. In personal communication and close interactions critical thinking can help to understand the position of other people and imagine what consequences can have our actions not only for them, but for us also.
Problem solving process includes:
- setting up the problem;
- defining negative sides of the problem, main difficulties and limitations;
- defining positive sides of the problem, what can be used in order to resolve it;
- finding new ideas, brainstorming, etc, aiming to escape negative sides and use positive ones;
- choosing the best variant most suitable for the problem resolved, building a ranking list of solutions, starting from the most effective ones.
There are several forces which influence the process of decision making. These forces can be divided into two major groups. The first group includes objective forces, which can not be influenced by the problem solver. These forces include the problem to be solved such as costs, risks, losses; its positive sides and limitations. Another type of forces consists of subjective forces, which are influenced by the personality of problem solver, his skills, attitude to the problem and his or her sensory input.
三个主要工具团队决策包括:脑力激荡,分组和multivoting亲和力。脑力激荡法通常被称为工具,产生许多选项定位到一个承担特定的目的。主要的目标是产生这一工具使用的集体思维几点意见。Multivoting让选择最合适的选择从所有的命题。这个工具是适合选择最为合适的选择余地从长串的不同的想法。亲和力分组形成群体或类别包括选项中,的人的所有想法的头脑风暴。
伦理学必须直接所有人类的行为和决定,包括批判性思维和决策造成的。这意味着我们必须考虑决策时的伦理规范。能胜任能力认识到一个与伦理有关的问题要伴随着所有的决策过程。我们应该意识到,在决策我们可以满足所谓的道德困境的情况——没有一个明确的答复。在这种情况下这个决定应该意识到做错了事,他们可能的后果。重要的是要记住:伦理和道德价值观应被视为人类最大的成就和应该时刻牢记决策时。
有几种方法可以估计结果我们的决定。我们可以估算经济价值,可以给直接和间接的价值观。直接价值能够货币和间接测量值可由不是物质的东西,还带来利润,解决问题或组织。间接价值可能包括正面或负面影响的声誉,标签价格、商誉等。
决策者应该考虑一下这种可能性的不良结果。决策过程通常意味着风险和之间选择几个方面。选错了风险的观点或一个错误的策略总是伴随着的任何一个环节的决策。有必要考虑和估计可能出现的风险与坏的结果所决定的。
这是不可能的完美的预测100%的所有细微差别当作出这个决定的。选择替代,决策者必须建立一些部分假设预测和预报。错误或变化情况进行了预测信息的不同的结果。更精确的数据和信息做出决定时,知道的越少,可能发生的意外事故概率。在当时的情况下当没有可能跳过不确定数据或预测,其必要的百分比时打电话或有事项选择替代。
关键的或评价思想成为一个完美的工具能做出正确的决定。它既可以用于团体或个人决策。可用于该行业的专业经理以及承担选了很多的决定和他们的评价和对情况的了解能带来很多好处,防止不良的失落。
Three main tools of team decision making include: brainstorming, affinity grouping and multivoting. Brainstorming is usually described as a tool which assumes generating many options to one specific purpose. The main goal of this tool is to generate several ideas using collective mind. Multivoting lets to choose the most suitable options from all propositions. This tool is suitable for choosing the most preferable options from the long list of different ideas. Affinity grouping includes forming groups or categories of options from all the ideas achieved during the brain storming.
Ethics must direct all human actions and decisions, including critical thinking and decisions making. It means that we must always take into account ethical norms when making decision. Competence as the ability to recognize an ethical issue should accompany all the decision making processes. We should be aware that during decision making we can meet so called moral dilemmas – the situations which don’t have one definite answer. In these situations the decision should be made being aware about possible wrongdoings and their consequences. It’s important to remember that ethic and moral values should be treated as the highest human achievements and should be always kept in mind when making decision.
There are several ways to estimate the results of our decisions. We can estimate economic value, which can be give in direct and indirect values. Direct value can be measure in currency and indirect value can be composed of not material things, which still bring profit to the problem solver or organization. Indirect values may include positive or negative influence on reputation, label price, goodwill, etc.
Decision makers should always consider the possibility of undesirable result. Decision making process usually implies risks and choices between several perspectives. The risk of choosing the wrong perspective or wrong strategy always accompanies any process of decision making. It’s necessary to consider and estimate all possible risks and bad consequences of the decision.
It’s not possible to make a 100% perfect forecast of all the nuances when making the decision. Choosing the alternative, decision makers have to base some part of their assumptions on predictions and forecasts. Mistakes or changes in the forecasted information can case different results. The more precise data and information is used while making the decision, the less probability of contingencies is. In the situation when there is no possibility to skip uncertain data or predictions, its necessary to call the percentage of contingencies when choosing the alternative.
Critical or evaluative thinking can become a perfect tool for making the right decisions. It can be used either for group or for individual decision making. It can be used for the profession of manager as this profession assumes taking a lot of decision and their critical evaluation and right understanding of the situation could bring a lot of profit and prevent undesirable loses.
留学作业网References
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2. Algert, N.E. (2000). The Center for Change and Conflict Resolution. (979)775–5335, [email protected].
3. Block, P. (2002). The Answer to How is Yes: Acting on What Really Matters, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
4. Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., and Holubec, E.J., 1986. Circles of Learning: Cooperation in the Classroom, rev. ed. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Co.
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