新西兰有关计算机媒介的课程论文

What changes have computer-mediated communication technologies caused in the learning environments of higher education?

1.0   General Summary

Adaptive learning support system has been the focus topic in the http://www.ukassignment.org/xxlzy/  research field of artificial intelligence in education in recent years, which is a cross areas of education, cognitive science and computer science. However, current e-learning system sends the same teaching content to all learners without concerning individual differences of learners, such as the prior knowledge, learning goal and learning style, which results in the phenomenon of cognitive overload and disorientation, and seriously affects the quality of e-learning. So many researches shift from traditional e-learning platform to adaptive and personalized learning environment. Adaptive learning support system in essence is a kind of personalized online learning environment, which can provide adaptive learning support according to individual characteristics of learner, including personalized learning resources, learning processes and learning strategies.
本文试图回答以下问题：高等教育的学习环境中引起的以计算机为媒介的通信技术发生了什么样的变化？
This paper intends to answer the following questions: What changes have computer-mediated communication technologies caused in the learning environments of higher education?
This paper consists of four parts. Chapter 1 is the introduction of whole paper with the writing purpose and aims, the research questions and the organization. Chapter 2 is a brief introduction of computer-mediated communication technologies, which explains the conception of computer-mediated communication, the types of computer-mediated communication, i.e. synchronous mode and asynchronous mode. Chapter 3 introduces the learning changes caused by computer-mediated communication technologies in terms of beneficial changes and adverse changes. Finally Chapter 4 draws a natural conclusion of the whole paper.
2.0   Brief introduction of computer-mediated communication technologies
The computer-mediated communication refers to the communicative exchange and transaction which happens through the connection of two or more networked connected computers. When computer-mediated communication used to defined as the exchanges that happen though the computer connected form such as e-mail, chatting tools, it can also been applicable to the other forms of the interaction on text based information. The studies on computer-mediated communication centered on the influences towards computer assist communication. Recently many researches have been carried on computer-mediated communication based on the software.
2.1 The conception of computer-mediated communication
In this paper, we focus on the student model and adaptive teaching content organization of adaptive learning support system. Student model is the key component of adaptive learning support system, which records the learner's individual characteristics, reflecting the individual differences of learners, and provides a basis for decision making of adaptive learning support system. And adaptive teaching content is customized in accordance with the individual characteristics of learners by adaptive learning support system, which is the most important way to support learning, and is the most obvious manifestation of adaptation of adaptive learning system.
2.2 The types of computer-mediated communication
There are two types of computer-mediated communication (Kiesler, 1984, pp.1123-1134) , which namely are synchronous mode and asynchronous mode. The synchronous communications refers to every participant gets on the internet at the same time, while the asynchronous communication refers to the happening is not at the same time, where there is constraints, such as the sending of e-mail.
People select asynchronous communication such as email for delayed, controlled and longer messages. They also like email for negative emotion because they are far from the receiver ("shielding" effect). On the other hand, people prefer synchronous communication like IM for immediate good news. They also use it because they can multitask while talking. Based on detailed analysis of the Enhancing Adaptive Hypermedia Application Model (EAHAM), we proposes the architecture of adaptive learning support system, including the media space, domain knowledge model, student model, context model, teaching strategies model and adaptive model, and adding the adaptive learning module, learning strategies modules and learning tools modules. The architecture of adaptive learning support system based on EAHAM refines the system components and the operating mechanisms, which can provide adaptive learning support in accordance with the prior knowledge, learning style and other aspects of individual differences of learners, and has good operability in system implementation.
The following part will discuss the two modes of computer mediated communication in details.
2.2.1 Synchronous mode
The synchronous mode Walther, 1996, pp.56-87) refers to the students learn the knowledge at the same time while accompanying the knowledge input process. While setting the synchronous mode, the signals from the controller with teaching signals will send to the students. The DRAM controller and CPU bus must run at the same processing speed. In the classroom teaching the instructor send out the information with the computer mediated assistance, the students learn the knowledge at the same time.
Synchronous mode, this learning method has the following characteristics. First, the teacher’s information sending and the student information acceptance are at the same time. Second, the teacher can know the students’ feedback at a fast speed, which is contributive to the teaching plan’s changing and altering. Last but not least, this mode can coordinate the relationship between the students and the teachers, due to the interactive cooperation.
Synchronous mode, this learning method has the following advantages of instructing and learning. First, it can demonstrate the students’ feedback at a fast speed. Second, it can form the good cooperation with the students and the teachers. Last but not least, this method can www.ukassignment.org compensate the limitations of the teacher’s orientated methods and form the student’s orientated tendency.
同步模式具有上述优点。然而，这种学习方法仍然在指示学习中具有以下缺点。一方面，它会分散老师的注意力。另一方面，它将难以在规定时间内实现教学计划。
Synchronous mode has the above mentioned advantages. However, this learning method still has the following disadvantages of instructing and learning. On one hand, it will scatter the teacher’s intention. On the other hand, it will make harder to realize the teaching plan and schedule.#p#分页标题#e#
The above mentioned are the definition, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous mode.
2.2.2 Asynchronous mode
The asynchronous mode refers to Jonassena (1995, pp.7-26) the students learn the knowledge does not accompany the knowledge input process. While setting the synchronous mode, the signals from the controller with teaching signals will send to the students. The DRAM controller and CPU bus must run without at the same processing speed. In the classroom teaching the instructor send out the information with the computer mediated assistance, the students learn the knowledge without at the same time.
Asynchronous mode, this learning method has the following characteristics. First, the teacher’s information sending and the student information acceptance are not at the same time. Second, the teacher can know the students’ feedback at a fast speed, which is contributive to the teaching plan’s changing and altering. Last but not least, this mode can coordinate the relationship between the students and the teachers, due to the interactive cooperation.
Asynchronous mode, this learning method has the following advantages of instructing and learning. First, it can demonstrate the students’ feedback at a fast speed. Second, it can form the good cooperation with the students and the teachers. Last but not least, this method can compensate the limitations of the teacher’s orientated methods and form the student’s orientated tendency.
Asynchronous mode has the above mentioned advantages. However, this learning method still has the following disadvantages of instructing and learning. First, the responding speed compared with the asynchronous is lower than the synchronous mode. Second, this students’ orientated method is based on the after class feedback rather than the on class or immediate response of the students.
The above mentioned are the definition, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the asynchronous mode.
3.0 The learning changes caused by computer-mediated communication technologies
Learning has been changed due to the using of computer-mediated communication technologies. This has the beneficial changes and accompanies with the adverse changes. The following part will respectively discuss the following aspects.
3.1 Beneficial changes 有益的变化
The beneficial changes of computer-mediated communication in technologies are in the following aspects, i.e. the changes in learning styles, the self learning and teaching disclosure, broader the network.
3.1.1 Learning style changes 学习方式的改变
The learning style of learning cloud also be changed. Set up the student model based on cognitive state and learning style, which takes the individual differences of learners (Spitzberg, 2006, pp.45-67). Through the detailed analysis of typical student model in intelligent tutoring system, we consider that the main functions of student model in intelligent tutoring system is diagnosing and recording the student's knowledge state, especially the misconceptions in problem-solving process. This student model is confined to the learner's knowledge state, whereas it lacks of understanding other individual characteristics of learners. In order to reflect the learner's individual differences, such as the prior knowledge, learning goal, and learning style, we put forward a student model based on cognitive state and learning style. New student model mainly includes the student profiles, learning style, cognitive state, as well as learning history. Among them, learner's cognitive state and learning style is the major adaptive dimensions of EAHAM-based adaptive learning support system. In this paper, in order to describe the learning style of learner, Felder-Silverman learning style model (FSLSM) is adopted. When learner registers in adaptive learning support system, learning style is initialized through learner filling in the ILS questionnaire.
3.1.2 Self-disclosure 自我表露
The computer medicated communication has the function of self disclosure. It can alter and adjust the students and the teachers cognition. According to the individual differences of cognitive state and learning style in student model, this paper puts forward the dynamically generation process model of adaptive teaching content, which includes both the process. Firstly, system dynamically generates teaching content sequences in accordance with the cognitive abilities of learners. Based on the hierarchical structure of domain knowledge, the task- centered teaching strategies and classification of learners' cognitive ability level, adaptive teaching content is dynamically organized. Secondly, Adaptive learning support system provides adaptive presentation strategies of teaching content in accordance with the "perception-- input" dimensions of FSLSM, and provides adaptive navigation strategies in accordance with the "processing-- understanding" dimensions of FSLSM. Adaptive teaching content is packaged by SCORM standards, and is adaptively annotated based on learner's cognitive states in the learning process.
3.1.3 Broader networks 更宽广的网络
The computer medicated communication has the advantage of broader networks. It can expand the study network. The communicated mediated communication is based on the learner’s understanding capability which can be diagnosed computerized adaptive testing technology, and dynamically update student model in according to the test results. This evaluation system is a three-parameter  logistic model, the architecture of adaptive online testing system is proposed. It will analyse the bank, selection algorithm, ability evaluation algorithm and test termination condition. The MET-CATS prototype of computerized adaptive testing system are developed. Based on the the results of computerized adaptive testing, system will be divided cognitive abilities of learners into the primary level, intermediate level and advanced level.
3.2 Adverse changes 不利变化
The adverse changes of computer-mediated communication in technologies are in the following aspects, i.e. the nonverbal communication, increase the laziness of the students, making the students addicted to the computer games rather than the computer-mediated studies.
3.2.1 Nonverbal communication
The using of computer-mediated communication technologies will reduce the nonverbal communication (Bordia, 1997, pp. 99-118.). The nonverbal communication refers to the paralingual and extralingual communication method in the discourse. The speaker or addressee will use various ways and gestures to show their sense and meaning rather than the verbal communication.
The using of computer-mediated communication will make the students focus more on the computer screens rather than the gestures of the students. This limits the representation of the nonverbal communication. The nonverbal communication can form an intimate atmosphere between the students and the teachers. A gesture is prevailing over millions of words.
The foresaid are the disadvantages of the computer-mediated teaching in the respect of nonverbal communication.
3.2.2 Laziness 惰性
The using of computer-mediated communication technologies will increase the laziness of the students due to the following reasons.
First, this kind of laziness is found in the students. The students will depend on the searching information on the internet, without premier thinking of themselves. This will deactivate the students’ mind. It is known that it is the thinking that makes human more and more intelligent. The advance science becomes a barrier to the students’ mind. The traditional teacher’s instruct and blackboard teaching method can make the students’ think. Second, this kind of laziness is also found in the teachers. The teachers will prepare less than before. Third, this kind of laziness is found in class communication. If the teacher is tired, in the previous he had no choice instead of continue to teach. But nowadays, the teacher can display video to entertain the students.
Due to the problems of laziness in the computer-mediated communication, the following suggestions are put forward. First, if the teachers could properly use and adjust this kind of laziness ideology, that the in class teaching methods will be various and in diversity. Second, if the teachers could properly use this kind of laziness ideology, the students and the teachers can form better cooperation in class. Third, if the teachers could properly use this kind of laziness ideology, this can form a new students’ orientated teaching approach.
3.2.3 Addiction 上瘾
Computer-mediated communication is a double edged sword. Besides the above mentioned advantages and disadvantages, it will make the user be addicted to it. If the user, especially get addicted to the chatting for fun, computer game playing, it will make them trap into the abyss of ignorance. This addiction sometimes is like the poisons which once used can not be separated with it.
Due to the above mentioned reasons of the addiction in computer-mediated communication, the following suggestions are listed below. First, if the teachers could properly use this kind of addiction, that the in class teaching methods will be various and in diversity. Second, if the teachers could properly use this kind of addiction, the students and the teachers can form better cooperation in class. Third, if the teachers could properly use this kind of addiction, this can form a new students’ orientated teaching approach.
4.0 Conclusion 结论
Computer plays an important role in the learning environments of higher education. It can mediate the communication technologies. If the advanced science and technology can not fully perform its functions without the allocating of culturally packaged weapons, it will not bring the benefits and advancement of human beings. It will be like other invented things, which is the disaster of all human roots, in human history. In the process of education it confronts of the significant changes of modern information and technology’s popularization and the ponderous social changes. The education has undergone the changes in the aspects of content, methods, system and so on. Gradually, it will have the fundamental changes, which is the current task of educational information.#p#分页标题#e#