|
The Effectiveness Of Screening Instruments Law Essay
筛选文书的有效性
在20世纪60年代，妇女解放运动开始通过将注意力集中她们所遭受的家庭暴力上，因此，抗议对妇女的暴力开始了。到上世纪70年代，提供的统计数据表面，对妇女的暴力行为成为国家的一个危机。大多数受害者妇女开始发出她们的声音，对社会不足的反应也多了起来。妇女庇护所和热线被开发并且为了应对国家紧迫性危机，开始做出了关于社会基础服务的回应，运行了公共政策。然后在20世纪80年代在美国近2000家庭暴力的方案被施行——作为承担社会施压机构的挑战，以更充分地应对受害者的问题。 （eNotes.com，2006）
对家庭暴力运动的议程主要的形式是提高服务质量，使法律为家庭暴力受害者负责的能力增强。这些程序为了一些人而创建，并且对于这些人来说正常工作运行，但是当它涉及到的非洲裔妇女，也有许多领域是与他们对待的白人的方式不同。
During the 1960s, the movement for liberating women began by bringing attention to domestic violence against them, therefore, the violence against women began. By the 1970s, statistics provided that violence against women became a national crisis. As women who were the majority of victims became vocal, so did the inadequacy of society's response. Shelters and hotlines were developed and the beginning of a social service-based response to a national crisis that took on a public policy urgency. Then during the 1980s nearly two thousand domestic violence programs in the United States was determined to take on the challenge of pressuring social institutions, to respond to victims much more adequately. (eNotes.com, 2006)
The agenda for domestic violence movement is predominantly shaped to improve services and the ability to make laws more accountable to domestic violence victims. These programs work well for the populations that were created for and by, but when it comes to African American women, there are many areas that are different from their White counterparts. Yes, these women share the horror of experiencing domestic violence, but African American women needs are different. The needs of African American women range from discrimination, economic hardship and social inequality.
There are sixty-seven domestic violence programs in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2006), in over 100 program sites and serving all 72 counties and all 11 tribes. The problem in creating true accessibility for victims requiring that we address more than the geographic challenges, is to continue a wide range of services that will help after they have left the shelters. Domestic Violence programs should create a cultural transformation program that makes the elimination of oppression and the promotion of social justice a core part of their work, in a way that will mirrors the transformation for a society as a whole.
This research will review three different Milwaukee's Community Based Organizations, (CBOs) and their screening process in the effectiveness, in helping African American women to reach a violence free, independent life. The Community-based Organizations (CBO) are; Asha Family Services, The Milwaukee Women Center and Hope House. All of these organizations offer domestic violence services, including emotional support, crisis intervention, and shelters to battered women.
There is mounting pressures put upon domestic violence service programs to demonstrate their effectiveness. Funders are demanding to see the results of the community base organizations screening instruments as a requirement to continue funding. Staff and volunteers are interest in knowing more about the success of their hard and tireless efforts.
Domestic Violence (DV), or otherwise called Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), programs are increasingly in demand and in jeopardy. As of September 15, 2010 (National Summary, 2010) there were 83% of domestic violence programs reported of having higher demand for their services, while 77% of programs had reported a decreased in funding. For the same time, the state of Wisconsin (Wisconsin Summary, 2010) the demands for domestic violence services were at 74%, while 66% of programs had reported a decreased in the State's funding.
In 2008, the State of Wisconsin reported 29,769 domestic abuse incidents that was reported to law enforcement and referred to the district attorney's offices throughout the state of Wisconsin. Out of the 29,769 reported domestic abuse incident, Milwaukee County reported 9,489 or 32% incidents of domestic violence to law enforcement, out of those 9,489 incidents, 1,724 incidents involved African American women. (DAIR, 2008)
Although, many survivors receive the require services, medical, legal, advocate supports, emergency shelters, job training and employment assistance which include financial skills. The challenges for these programs are the inability of measureing how successful and effective their screening instruments for survivors of domestic violence.
Summaries of Literature Review
The development of community based domestic violence services is linked to the history and the evolution of the battered women's movement. Community based, domestic violence programs, emerged in the late 1960s and in the 1970s. Domestic violence advocates, began to develop programs to provide safety and support to abused women. There are African American women who experience domestic violence, refrain from seeking help from these traditional domestic violence programs, where the traditional programs is based on the views, beliefs, values and culture of the White middle class women.
Saathoff, A & Stoffel, A., E (1999) Community-Based Domestic Violence Services, this article evaluate the growing community based domestic violence services, which began in the 1970s. There are more than 2,000 domestic violence organizations that range in programs, from crisis oriented services, hot lines and shelters. Some agencies provide legal, health and mental health services, assisting in finding permanent housing, and safety planning. This article also analysis and describes the trends in the services that this community based organizations offer.
Domestic violence women's advocates characterized domestic violence as a sociocultural crisis. Victims relied upon the endless effort of domestic violence advocates. At the beginning until batter women shelters was established, many domestic violence advocates used their home as shelters, not allowing their locations to be known for the safety and protection of the women that were living there. Direct and indirect services were offered to women by 1997, there were an estimated 1,800 agencies, by 1999, and the number of agencies grew to 2,000 agencies that provide services for women.
Coley, M, .S, & Beckett, O.J, (1988), Black Battered Women: A Review of Empirical Literature. These authors reviewed several literatures about battered women, but when reviewing the literature about ethnic groups, specifically African American women, were there is little information provided, where the topic was about African American women. The authors decided to examine 17 studies divided into five categories of incidence, social support network, psychological profile, response to battering and use of services. In their report of the category of use of services, they founded three studies that show Black women would use battered women's shelter and other services. The report revealed that Black women who are battered sought help from public facilities, than from private sources for assistance, and the also used shelters services.
Shepard, M (1999), Evaluating Coordinated Community Response to Domestic Violence. The report evaluate that has focused on reforming the reduction of cultural supports for battered women that seem to place the burden from the victim to their community, it also evaluate and summarize on coordinated community responses to domestic violence, it looks at the different mechanism for coordination , examination and community response. The author look at other social problems, that domestic violence women faces, including community intervention projects, criminal justice systems, and coordinating councils.
This report looks at a system-wide evaluation process to understand the impact of the different components of coordinated community response and the effectiveness of this overall response and the different outcomes. The report mentions comparing the different types of communications, and the need to have a state wide monitoring system on domestic violence.
Sullivan, M., C., & Bybee I., D., (1999) Reducing Violence Using Community Based Advocacy for Women with Abusive Partners. The authors reviewed the process for becoming violence free and the complexity, they have found that social isolation and ineffective community response to domestic violence, it may increase the risk of abuse by their initiate or ex-initiate partners.
Many women will need to have social support and other community resources, but there are some communities that have improved their response to domestic violence. There are women who do not receive the services that they need to end the battering that they are experiencing, community advocates can become effective change agent for women who has abusive partners.
#p#分页标题#e#
An Overview of Wisconsin Domestic Abuse Program (2007) stated that there are 58 non-profit agencies and 11 counties and 11 tribes received funds for the Department of Children and Families (DCP) that provide services to domestic violence victims. The report look at the increased of shelter in 2007, the role that advocates play in assisting clients for services, the grievance procedures, legal research, victims legal rights and responsibilities.
There are programs that connect victim and their children to additional community resources. These programs strive to connect to the victim once she departs from the program or shelters, offering on-going information and addition supports. The follow length ranges from a few weeks to a year of ongoing contact.
Research show that survivors choose to look for services from organizations that are familiar with their culture, language, and background. These organizations that are more culturally specific are more likely to understand the complexity, multi-layered challenges that face from their communities.
These organizations are capable of developing strategies that would provide and promote the safety of the victims and hold the perpetrators accountable. The article reviews the challenges in federal and state funding for staff and the efficiency of current intervention programs that hinder domestic violence service providers and the ability to meet the need to domestic violence victims. There are several barriers that African America women face to traditional domestic abuse services.
Vann, A. (2003), Developing Culturally-Relevant Responses to Domestic Abuse. This report looks at the challenges of implementing a program that address and incorporate response to some of the different between cultures. There are several barriers that African American women face to traditional domestic abuse services. There is history of racism and discrimination again African American women that make them fearful of mistreatment and mistrust of a system which included the criminal justice, social services, political and the welfare system. The report also focus on domestic violence organizations that need to be more engage with the staff in becoming more culturally competent , instead of the traditionally system that African American women viewed as allowing disparity and discriminatory against them.
African American women who are seeking help organizations that provide services for domestic violence , it is important that the agencies environment that provide services should be reflective of the community that they live in, many African American women are usually not comfortable disclosing their experience of domestic violence, when they see that the agency is staff with counselors, therapists, are not from the community that they live, feeling more disconnected, when they know that there life experience, opportunities, cultural, are nor shared by the people in the agency that they are seek assistant.
Donnelly, D, Cook, K., Van Ausdate, D & FoleyL, (2005) White Privilege, Color Blindness, and Services to Battered Women. The author discuss how services and privileges may differ for White women due to their skin color and how women of color who request the same type of service are distributed to them also due their skin color.
There is a white privilege framework that offered several explanations consistent for disparity and shelters more likely to be staffed by White women. African American women perceived these shelters as white orientated and are hesitant to use their service. On the other hand, once these women have access to these services how often p 3 to 12 months, to see how well these women are doing since they have left the program and if they are practicing what they have learned in order to become and stay violence free and independent.
Lyon, E & Sullivan, M., C (2007) Outcome Evaluation Strategies for Domestic Violence Service Program Receiving FVPSA Funding, A Practical Guide.This report looks at community based organization's domestic violence program that have received monies from the Family Violence Prevention and Services Administration (FVPSA) the purpose for providing this fund to agencies is to develop and implement outcome evaluation strategies that will accurately capture the impact of FVPSA dollars on the survivor's safety and wellbeing.
Gaps and/or deficiencies in prior research
The data that were collected was misinterpreted from these domestic violence service programs and at the time are used against these women and organization and their staff by critiquing there program and the impact that have could be used in inappropriate ways, to complicate the situation many employees believe that they lack the time, money to properly evaluated their programs. There programs that is obvious and tangible, but evaluating this type of program will be difficult to evaluate the impact that domestic violence will have on African American women.
The purpose of this report is to assistant in providing survivors increase knowledge of safety planning and community resource that will eventually lead to the survivor's well being.
The authors are concern that the programs that are provided involved in the understanding that there are societal oppressions faced by a various groups of people, but respecting the strengths and assets the inherent in different communities and reflected in the program services, staffing and philosophies. Women who are going through a domestic violence programs, has the tendency to change their expectations of the kind of resources that are available.
In the past, researchers have conducted studies regarding intimate partner violence (IPV), yet, researchers and practitioners still do not know about the effective screening strategies of Community Based Organizations to assistant specifically African American women as they work to achieve a violence free independent life.
Importance of the present study
These programs routinely collect information on survivors, who have strategies for enhancing their safety and knowing what community resources are available, but there is not any information on how effective the screening instrument where once the survivors leave the program to be violence free and live independently. The challenge of domestic violence service programs is the difficult in measuring the outcomes.
This will research will evaluated three Milwaukee's Community Based Organizations (CBO) that provide domestic violence program toward African American women and how effectiveness there screening instruments are once they leave the program. There is a discord of cultured specific when it excludes African American women from the services they need.
The key to effective screening instrument for Community Based Organizations that providing domestic violence services/programs is to identify these service design, delivery and development which should include the need of culturally specific around domestic violence and the beginning to address cultural privately and racial anxiety when working with African American women.
There is a conceptual barrier that plays into how these services are provided to abuse African American when the resources do not provide equal relief (Martinson, 2001) for them and these women don't benefit at the same level as their white counterparts from these resources, in part due to racism and the results of racism.
Although official rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims are similar to White women, and women of color (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995) previous research indicated that women of color are less likely to use shelter services than their White counterparts (Coley & Beckett, 1988a, 1988b; Lockhart & White, 1989; West 1999)
For community based organizations that provide domestic violence services to African American women, once they leave there may not be an adequate follow-up system in place that will reinforce what they have learned to be violence free and independently. The purpose of evaluating their programs is to build upon the efforts that will be helpful to women that have abusive partners in conjunction, that the programs should not continue wasting time and resources into efforts that will not benefit or will have unintended negative consequences for these women. Evaluating is important because it provide evidence that will encourage and continue financial support for provide these important services.
There are some research, journals, newsletters on domestic violence prevention and intervention programs. Most are direct to the perpetrator and hospital emergency rooms. There is a lack of research if any, on the screening instruments that Community Based Organizations provide for Milwaukee African American women once they leave the shelter and or program. “There is one report “Outcome Evaluation Strategies for Domestic Violence Service Programs: A Practical Guideline.” This manual was designed to provide practical assistance and example in designing and carrying out effective evaluation strategies specifically for domestic violence service providers.
There are researches, journal and newsletters on how organizations should be more culturally diversity and aware. Organizations are becoming more aware that women of colors have barrier and obstacle that need to be address when they seek help from the domestic violence agencies. Organizations should implement in their programs how they will address the effectiveness of their screening instruments, evaluating them could provide better accessibility in providing information to funders and other stakeholders.#p#分页标题#e#
Proper screening instruments are not only necessary if or when African American seeks out their services to have a better nonviolence lifestyle. Even after the women leave the abuser and the shelter, it is important to still be take precaution.
Problem Statement
The few research on domestic violence program that provided measureable screening instruments specifically for African American women, again there are specific barriers and are unique when it comes to African American women. Evaluating community based organization domestic violence programs on the effectiveness of their measuring instruments will be a challenge. In order to identify appropriate outcomes, the participants will be the organization program coordinator, CEO's /Executive Directors. The participant will need to articulate their program objections during and after for these women. The significant indicator of success is how many survivors were able to empower maintain a violence free life.
The three community based organization need to identify measureable, realistic, clearly defined and feasible indicators of success that focused on their clients and possible community members. There are funders imposing their own evaluation, but they fall short in evaluation the specifically address African American women. Some of these outcomes do not provide a fair measure of effectiveness of the services that they provide.
Research Design
This research is a case study grounded in the qualitative tradition. There is several research designs that can be consider for a given research. Case study (Creswell, 2007, p 244) “is the study of a bounded system with the focus being either the case or an issues that illustrated by the case or cases. Qualitative case studies provide an in-depth study of this system, based on a diverse array of data collection materials and the research situates this system or case within its larger context or setting.”The effective in screening instrument is by defining the goals. The goals are to ultimately accomplish how effective the community based organization screening instruments that will be beneficial to the agency. The intent is to explore how the screening instrument will benefit African American women, and to understand that there in place to empower these women and keep them as victims. It is the intent to develop a measurable, realistic, a screening instrument once the women have completed the domestic violence program.
It is important that the goals and objectives make sense for the agency's programs, and that the screening instruments will establish that the three organizations are meeting their goals and objective. The screening instruments should be develops that will informed the agencies the different needs and experience of these women that would be useful for the betterment of the agencies and their program.
Research Questions
How do these agencies provide their screening instruments?
What instruments are you using for screening?
How do you if these screening instruments are effective or not?
How will the screening instruments benefit these women to remain free of abuse?
Theoretical or Conceptual framework
This study will be based on conceptual framework of for the current study. The basis for the
Conceptual framework of the current study will be the program coordinators, staff and the Executive Directors who work together, rather than as isolated entities, would enhance the collective effort.
Nature of the study
With the challenges and complexity that is involved in measuring screening instruments, case study research (Creswell, 2007) involves the study of an issue explored through one or more cases within a bounded system. There are three variation exist in terms of intent: the single instrumental case study, the collective or multiple case study and the intrinsic case study, through in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (observation, interviews, audiovisual material and documentation and reports). Case study research is best suited as I am comparing three different community based organization's screening instruments review cases, compared to narrative that explore the life of an individual, phenomenology research describe the “essence of the experience, grounded theory would not be applicable because it purpose it to develop a theory grounded in data from the field and ethnography research focus on describing and interpreting a culture sharing group.
Methodology
Qualitative data collection methods (University of Wisconsin Eau Claire), plays an important role impacting evaluation by providing information useful to understand the processes behind observed result and asses changes in people's perception of their well-being The participants will be program coordinators, directors and staff member from the three community based organization that provide domestic violence program. I have chosen three community based agencies: Asha Family Service, The Milwaukee Women Center and the Hope House.
The role that I will play as the researcher in collecting data, will be face to face interviews, which is a common approach to gather information, it will provide advantage in the ability to fully explain the purpose of the questions to the interviewees, clarify anything that I'm unclear and gain additional information that may not been covered, but arise during a spontaneous conversation and it will allow me to maintain control of the interview. Obtaining information from their program documentation that provided information on the type of screening instruments.
Data gathered for case studies may begin informally during the interviews or documentation, when recurring themes, patterns and categories become evident. Analysis involved the coding data and having addition code is high desirable especially in structural analyses of discourse, text or interaction patterns. With multiple case studies each case may represent a different finding such as a different program which may portray a cluster of properties. Data may be analyzed and interpreted though a variety of ideological lenses, positivist, feminist or critical (Duff, 2022; Merriam, 1998; Yin 1994) although descriptive. Interpretive approaches are still the most common
Limitations
Case studies are viewed as having the most limitations, you cannot make causal conclusions from case studies. The generalize ability of these research findings are limited because they were generated in an exploratory qualitative inquiry. The research design was not intended to produce results that account for or predict the behavior of a wide classification of people as most experimental, hypothesis-testing studies are time and budget limitations
Case studies strengths outweigh its limitation. Case study (Merriam, 2009) offers a means of investigating complex social units consisting of multiple variables of potential importance in understanding the phenomenon. Anchored in real-life situations, case studies results in a rich and holistic account of phenomenon. It offers insights and illuminates meanings that expand its readers' experiences.
These insights can be construed as tentative hypotheses that help structure future research; hence, case study plays an important role in advancing a field's knowledge base. Because of its strengths, case study is a particularly appealing design for applied fields of study such as education, social work, administration, health, and so on. An applied field's processes, problems, and programs can be examined to bring about understanding that in turn can affect and perhaps even improve practice. Case study has proven particularly useful for studying educational innovations, evaluating programs, and informing policy.
Ethical Concerns
Because the case study will be gathering information on a extremely sensitivity subject and to be prepared that I will need to apply to the IRB (Institutional Review Board) I would need to have approval prior to collecting any data (Walden, 2011).
I will need to get consent from all of the community based organizations. My intention is not to interview any women that have gone through the program, but I will have it prepare and approved in case my research goes into the direction where I may need to have some of the women participate in an face to face interviews, there will not be any videotaping due to the safety concern of these women.
Significance of the Study
After collecting the information needed to evaluation the screening instruments from theses three community based organization by setting specific time to review the outcomes and information. As improvement are made to the agencies' program it will eventually make the screening instrument capable of have measureable outcomes that affect the activities on the participants.
African American women will have the unique circumstance address and will have the ability of being successful living a violence free life. These three agencies will have the model of providing measureable screening instruments that will be available for the other agencies that provide domestic violence programs and that they will be more cultural competent.#p#分页标题#e#
|
 |
|||
| 网站地图 |
