本国导游业职业生涯规划浅析

As a facilitator guides the development of tourism, disseminators of advanced culture, and foreign exchange friendly messenger, guide service levels are a key tourism market competitiveness factors. But in recent years an endless stream of negative reports about the tour, in addition to social status, as well as income, marriage homely and other issues, a pendulum in front of the tour, makes a lot of love for the tourism industry in the fate of the struggle between the guides. Scientific, objective counterpart guide career development planning, tourism in this period of transition is particularly important.

导游作为旅游业发展的推动者、先进文化的传播者、中外交流的友好使者，导游服务水平是旅游市场竞争力的关键因素之一。但是近年来关于导游的负面报道层出不穷，除了社会地位问题，还有收入、婚恋顾家等问题，一一摆在导游的面前，使得很多热爱旅游事业的导游在去留间挣扎。科学、客观、对口的导游职业生涯发展规划，在这旅游大转型的时期显得尤为重要。

First, the new Chinese tour guide career development course

一、新中国导游事业发展的历程

With the rapid development of China's tourism industry, the guide is considered to be China's WTO accession after one of the most scarce talent, the state guides the demand for talent is also increasing year by year. REVIEW New Chinese tour guide career development process can be roughly divided into four stages. The first phase (after the founding of New China --- the reform and opening): most of this period is to master the foreign language guides university graduates, identity is national cadres, work content is to engage in foreign affairs reception work, on behalf of the country's image , respected by the whole society. The second phase (1978 reform and opening up --- the early 1990s): This period of full-time travel guide team to tour as the main body, the team continues to expand, and political quality, professional quality and high level of foreign language, then the tour guide is a very attractive job categories. The third stage (early 1990s, late 1990s ---): During this period China's inbound and domestic tourism, outbound tourism market initially formed three common development pattern. Guide team development has expanded rapidly, guide system has also undergone major changes. Following the 1989 China has established a national tour qualifying examination system in 1995 also established tour operators level appraisal system. The fourth stage (early 20th century --- so far): Currently, there are 600,000 professional tour guide, but in fact there are about 70 million people qualified guide, there are 300,000 instructors, guides, instructors is a branch million troops. This time, tourism is a strategic pillar industry of national economy, the guide is an important part of tourism services. In 2005, - 2010 5 years, Chinese tourists more than 60% annual growth rate, China guides, instructors number tripled. In 2010, China received 55.66 million inbound tourists trips, outbound tourists 57,380,000 passengers, market demand and expansion accelerated, but the tour guide team growth is far from this demand, the number of employees a greater demand for guided tours. However, since the legal system lags behind tourism, tourism Regulatory weak links, travel agents disorderly competition and other reasons, most of the certified guides living low, it is difficult to attract talented, original talent is also a serious loss. Chinese tour guides have lower educational attainment, age, low, low income, low social status, as well as high-risk, high turnover rate of the "four low two high" characteristics. Guangdong Provincial Tourism Bureau's research (2011), for example, every year there are plenty of guides recruits into the tourism market, travel agents did not nurture, but only as cheap labor. Within three years of entering the ranks of the tour, most of the new tour guides will leave the job, because that is when they are transformed into a senior tour when more recruits to face the challenge. In summary, the tour guide from the older generation of national cadres, civil ambassadors, to today's no base salary, no basic welfare, no clear protection of labor compensation "three non-officers" in the era of the development process produced a dramatic changes, many front-line guides feel the future is very confused, but also many aspire to want to engage in guided tours of insight prohibitive. For career planning guide analysis and research should advance with the times, for the majority of tour guides and orderly arrangements for their own career development into life planning, out with Chinese characteristics of the road provide a reference guide.

随着我国旅游业的迅猛发展，导游被认为是中国入世后最紧缺的人才之一，国家对导游人才的需求也正逐年增长。回顾新中国导游事业发展的历程，大体可以分为四个阶段。第一阶段（新中国成立以后———改革开放前）：这一时期的导游员大部分是掌握外语的大学毕业生，身份是国家干部，工作内容是从事外事接待工作，代表了国家的形象，受到全社会的尊敬。第二阶段（1978 年改革开放———20 世纪90 年代初）：这一时期的导游队伍以旅行社的全职导游为主体，队伍不断扩大，政治素质、专业素质和外语水平较高，这时的导游是一个非常有吸引力的就业门类。第三阶段（20世纪90年代初———20世纪90年代末）：这一时期我国入境、国内旅游、出境旅游初步形成三大市场共同发展的格局。导游队伍发展规模迅速扩大，导游体制也发生了重大变化。继1989 年我国建立了全国导游资格考试制度，1995 年起又建立了导游人员等级考核制度。

Second, the need for human capital to become tour guides

 

1, the human capital theory Schultz in 1960 proposed human capital theory, pointing out that human capital embodied in the human body, the performance of human knowledge, skills, qualifications, experience and proficiency, etc., together on the performance of human qualities. Guides are highly practical one kind of work, their human capital is scarce, its human capital as capital, like everything else, should reap the rewards of their time to improve the economic value of a trend. Tour guides in the process, each member of a team is different, each one several times to re-visit tourist destination even have differences, their journey has a variety of experiences to happen, can not be copied, and therefore gradually formed capital of its unique experience and become its own main source of economic growth. Guided career planning needs to be guided in a targeted manner, to avoid exit barriers are not high because the resulting waste of social resources, human capital deficit.

 

2, the guide value of human capital (a) have a vast customer resources. The central government first two decades of this century to build a billion plus people a higher level of well-off society, to vigorously develop the tertiary industry is dominated by tourism, expanding domestic demand and promoting consumption. Guided tour services as a direct provider, serving tourists in the process, to bring visitors to knowledge, health and pleasure, at the service of development; while tour guides and messengers of civilization, advocate a civilized, spread of civilization is a guide of the "vocation" . As a service to our visitors guide front-line staff, and visitors face to face, heart to heart, in the mountains between the mind more readily available to communicate with each other, build trust and win repeat business. The higher visitor satisfaction, their loyalty is higher. With the gradual increase in the amount of tour, the tour guide will accumulate long-term, stable customer base, which has become an important resource for their human capital. (2) and accumulated rich experience in tourism. Tourism and foreign tourists to better meet the growing demand for tourism, we must emphasize the "tourist-oriented", the guide should continue to provide higher quality and a higher level of tourist services. Through guided line of work, you can better guide and promote the well-known tourist culture, cultural exchanges, cherish resources, protect the environment, and guide resource-saving and environment-friendly tourism consumption. Tour guides in the process, through contact with all kinds of tourists, through the ever-changing journey, can improve their own quality and emergency handling ability, but also can continue to conduct business summary, the combination of theory and practice, has accumulated a wealth of travel experience, and more better serve tourists, promote tourism development. (3) create a good brand reputation. Guided tour of the process, not only on behalf of their own, or guide service companies, travel agencies representatives, in part, as "folk ambassador" tour, and even city and state representatives. A qualified tour guide, the tour is to promote the highest level represented businesses, city, country a good image, the creation of their own unique and excellent brand. This and guide "to make money to feed their families, not to be complained fine," the lowest level of pursuit in stark contrast to the former created a "people happy, to be happy," "road become broader and broader," the Sunshine Avenue, which remain in the self-pity, a vicious cycle position.http://www.ukassignment.org/mbaessay/

3, guide human capital in the short board (1) guide the overall quality status and to enhance the quality of the tourism industry not meet the requirements. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's tourism industry, tour guides show rapid growth trend, but also getting younger and younger, with an average low education status. In the 600,000 practicing guided tour, 30 years of age accounted for 80% and below tertiary education accounted for 80%. The overall quality of our guide team still can not meet the development needs of the tourism industry, and to raise the overall quality of China's tourism industry not meet the requirements, and construction of a world tourism power requirements are incompatible. (2) guided the team structure incompatible with the needs of the tourism market. China's current tour guides, the primary guide 97%, senior expert tour guides and the small number of tourists from home and abroad market knowledge and experience requirements guides obviously incompatible, is not conducive to the overall improvement of the quality of tourism services. Current lack of foreign language guides, language structure is irrational, has become an emerging source markets restricting China's development of important factors, to some extent, affect China's competitiveness in the international tourism market. In addition, the average quality of tour guides widening regional disparities, is not conducive to the coordinated development of regional tourism and the overall level of the national tourism market improved. (3) guide management system and mechanism are incompatible with the guide team development status. On the one hand, an increasing proportion of part-time tour guide. According to statistics, more than 60% of part-time tour guide, tour guides increasingly becoming their own jobs, decentralized practice groups. But with suitable guide service management system and mechanism is not perfect, personnel management services for tour guides can not keep up, resulting in some decline in the standard of service guides. On the other hand, our tour guide remuneration mechanism, incentive mechanisms, in particular the labor security mechanism is not perfect, imperfect, resulting in decreased stability professional tour guides, tour guides and lead to some reduction in the level of service during the tour or reduce service delivery, in order to earn money. This situation has affected the overall development of our tour guides. Our tour guide team building facing new situations and new problems in the rapid development of China's tourism industry generated under the premise. On the one hand, stimulating the rapid growth of tourism in the rapid development of tour guides; hand, guided the team to expand and promote the development of tourism. It also reflects the changes in the economic system, social structure, interest adjustments, ideas change the characteristics of the various contradictions in transition embodied in the tourism industry.#p#分页标题#e#

 

Third, the development path of career planning guide

 

1, in the depth employment guide job, become sophisticated type of high-end talent (1) along the "Primary - Intermediate - Advanced - Extra 'path step by step. Our tour guides are divided into beginner, intermediate, advanced and super four levels, this four level pyramid structure, the fewer the higher up. At present, China 600000 super tour guides staff only 17 individuals, even less than the academician. National Tourism Bureau, to constantly optimize guide team structure to meet the overall needs of tourism development. 2006 and 2011 Intermediate exam guides senior tour exams have also restored. Senior tour staff increase will bring China more scientific and reasonable structure guides, tour guides benefit from a focus on the "quantity" into increased focus on "quality", so as to further strengthen our guide team. Guided grade examination has been restored in the context of tourism administrative departments at all levels have been studying how to improve the security and distribution mechanism guides and will be resolved as soon as possible, so that the majority of tour guides have a goal, a power times, raising standards, realize the value. (2) the language skills of tour guides or special aspects unique. China 600 000 tour operators, there is a foreign language guides 67 million, of which only 3% is a small language guides. Have mainly engaged in foreign language skills guides accompany entry, exit and team leader, etc., the income level of living in the top of the pyramid guide posts. Guided tours are available in sign language for the deaf, will drive for the individual to make driver and tour guide, etc., are the most popular types emerged. With the expansion, cross-country, the increase in self-drive tourism business, the relevant professional guide service is gradually being tourists. Market needed knowledge, skills-based, entertaining guide, one will go into museums and other institutions to explain professional, knowledgeable, eloquent fluency, and humorous; two Samaranch as a goodwill envoy infinite vitality, become a tourist service receptionist, More tourists friend, playmate, can lead the visitors to experience the thrill of activities, such as surfing, sailing, water aerobics, yoga, golf, etc.; three will be performing a program directed from the music and dancing, comedy sketches to the fashion show, can cope. (3) Press the "Domestic Quanpei - Exit Leaders - Immigration to accompany" Planning career. Guide the development path, like travel to see the scenery, as far as possible from far and near. In the early stages of the workplace into the tour, as Quanpei parts of China have the opportunity to learn, learning to accompany the work style, to explain the characteristics of rivers and mountains in the vast land enjoy the country, Bo their expertise for their own use, is necessary. After laying the basis for the work, experienced guides, the tour leader as entailed in traveling around the world at the same time, can be its capability to handle a variety of guided tours overseas business. Finally married at the time of need, turn to take guided tours, reducing travel opportunity to do the city tour introduces visitors to go home after a day in order to take care of the family. At this point experience more mature experience, family business correc.