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美国此时正在受到价格战的威胁，在欧洲目前在打仗的几个方面都渴望和平。双方的斗争起因是缘自于一个理由：大型的移动电话运营商按照多个国家的规则有可能从四个减少至三个。对于监管部门对此非常慎重，担心会因此出现不合理的价格。在美国方面，他们保持着谨慎的态度，但是欧洲国内的小型运营商正在苦苦挣扎，他们有可能在价格方面做出妥协。 关于这场价格战的言论是出自于一位软银负责人孙正义，他是在接受三月十一号的采访中提到的，软银是收购了美国第三大移动运营商的日本本土公司。孙正义一直都是密切关注位于第四位的T-Mobile的动向，他想要打造一个能和两大占统治地位的AT&T 和 Verizon运营商进行抗衡的公司。 IN AMERICA, a price war is threatened. In Europe, combatants in a bloody conflict hope for peace. Both struggles have the same cause: that the number of big mobile-phone operators might be cut from four, the norm in many countries, to three. Regulators have been wary of this, fearing higher prices. In America they remain cautious. But in Europe, where markets are smaller and operators struggling, they may budge. The talk of war came on March 11th from Masayoshi Son, the boss of Softbank, a Japanese firm that controls Sprint, America’s third-largest mobile operator. Mr Son has his eye on T-Mobile USA, which ranks fourth: he wants to create a bigger rival to the two dominant carriers, AT&T and Verizon. Regulators have received the idea coolly. So has T-Mobile USA. Lately T-Mobile USA—which bought a smallish operator, MetroPCS, last year—has waged a guerrilla campaign against AT&T, which has fought back with price cuts of its own. Mr Son promised no let-up: there would be a “massive price war” if he got his way. He added that a strong third mobile operator could also in time compete with fixed-line broadband, where choice is limited, prices are high and speeds slow. Hope of peace comes from France, where Free, a cut-price entrant, has been harrying the established operators for two years. According to James Barford of Enders Analysis, a research firm, mobile-service revenues in France fell by 11% last year and by 6% in 2012. Profits have been squeezed hard. Among big European markets, only in Italy and Spain, where recession has been deep and long, have operators suffered more. Hostilities may become less intense in France if Bouygues Telecom, the third-biggest operator, buys the second, SFR, from Vivendi, an ex-conglomerate that intends to concentrate on media. On March 5th Bouygues and Numericable, a cable operator, both made offers for SFR. This week Bouygues raised the cash portion of its bid. It is now offering Vivendi €11.3 billion ($15.7 billion) in cash and 43% of the merged entity. Numericable has bid €11 billion in cash and would give Vivendi 32% of the new company. Vivendi also has a third option, floating SFR on the stockmarket. A takeover of SFR by Bouygues looks comfiest for the mobile operators—including Orange, the leader—if not for customers. To forestall their worries, Bouygues says that if it won SFR it would sell its existing transmission network and some spectrum to Free for €1.8 billion. Arnaud Montebourg, the industry minister, made his preference plain to Le Parisien, a newspaper: a return to three operators would end “competition through destruction”. The European Commission decides on most telecoms mergers in the EU, because companies usually do business in several member countries. But because SFR and Bouygues Telecom serve only France, and Numericable has little revenue from abroad, in this case the national competition authority would decide. Its boss has said this might take nine months. By then the commission may already have allowed a similar deal in the EU’s biggest country. In May it is due to pronounce on the purchase by Spain’s Telefónica of e-Plus, the German arm of KPN, a Dutch operator. Last month the commission sent the Spanish firm its objections, which Telefónica is confident it can meet. The commission is also mulling Telefónica’s sale of its Irish business to Hutchison Whampoa. The Hong Kong firm has made proposals, thought to include a release of spectrum, to assuage the commission’s concerns. In 2012 the commission approved a four-to-three deal in Austria, where Hutchison Whampoa bought out Orange. Some blame a shortage of competition for higher prices since. Austria’s new telecoms regulator, Johannes Gungl, has reportedly said that rising prices were “a warning signal, but also mean that the attraction for new competitors increases.” (Mr Gungl used to be Orange Austria’s general counsel.) Europe’s merger wave also reflects the convergence of mobile and fixed-line service, broadband and television. Mobile alone will no longer do. Vodafone, a British operator, is thought to have offered more than €7 billion for ONO, a Spanish broadband, pay-TV and phone company, to boost its mobile business in Spain. As The Economist went to press on March 13th Ono’s shareholders were due to vote on an earlier plan for flotation. Last year Vodafone splashed out €7.7 billion on Kabel Deutschland, Germany’s biggest cable company. Convergence is technological as well as commercial, notes Robin Bienenstock of Sanford C. Bernstein, another research firm: for most of their journey “mobile” signals are carried over fixed lines. More four-to-three mergers may ease operators’ woes but will not end them. A bigger and thornier problem, says Anne Bouverot, director-general of the GSMA, the operators’ trade association, is that the EU is still divided into 28 national markets, each with its own regulations. If only, think the Europeans, they could enjoy the scale of AT&T and Verizon. And if only, thinks Mr Son, I could, too. Unicom and mobile between every price phenomenon under the determined by the competent department of intervention in a hurry, but the static often can not keep too long in spread across more strongly.This can not help but let's question: mobile communication how big price cut space?Departments can really tied to the price?Enterprise to the competition on the basis of what kind of?Price war is the most effective means? Of this month, chongqing unicom GSM "local knowledge" was introduced in fuling, monthly fee is RMB 25, words fee is 0.2 yuan per minute, at the same time giving three months rent and caller id, and provide the roaming service.At this point, the world telecommunication day after a few days, chongqing and chongqing unicom mobile communication company started a ranking of "local knowledge".Chongqing mobile communication company and immediately announced that the user to apply for the company of "local knowledge", the monthly fee is RMB 25, words fee is 0.2 yuan per minute.But the business doesn't provide roaming service. Although already below the competent department to standardize mobile communications charges, but in the region's mobile communications market seeing China telecom global rare cool again: on May 17, 1999, China unicom wuhan branch in wuhan 130 "river card" business, China unicom, according to "river card" business of new users, only need to pay 150 yuan for the SIM card cost, local calls only need pay $0.2 per minute, "river card" at the same time the user mobile roaming function temporarily shut down."Jiang city card" apparently broke through the top and bottom 10% of the floating range stipulated by the state, but in the face of telecommunications department of the accused, local unicom, head of the proposed that "river card" is a new business of "local knowledge", thus lowering prices does not violate national price policy.It is wuhan telecommunication bureau from 1997 began to carry out the "rent" business, the user does not have to pay 1000 yuan of it, just one yuan fee and SIM card can access fee of $150.In addition, the pta calls "simulation system of mobile phone monthly", 100 yuan a month, local telephone dozen casually, which is standard.Local telecommunication authority is that their "rent" and "flat rate" business is no change in the standards prescribed by the state and is approved by the department of price under the condition of set, and solemnly said "countries do not allow the matter, we won't do." On September 1, 1999, under the jurisdiction of China mobile communication group company of shandong mobile communications company launched "qilu calling CARDS", the so-called "family card" is global new users with relatives and friends "global" number plus 99.9 yuan can open a mobile phone, and this phone monthly fee only 18 yuan.News was announced, shandong unicom branch immediately, on September 2, 1999, the company announced monthly only 2 yuan "unicom calling CARDS", and that is that. On October 25, 1999, China unicom sichuan branch announced that users only need to 3 years of regular way to the bank deposit 1800 yuan, and the other hand over 500 yuan after received a mobile phone, use China unicom network three years later, all principal and interest return.Set up near the mobile unit in chengdu mobile company asked related departments to stop immediately, otherwise "unicom loose, we will put the gun!" "Shooting" no loose, however, on November 19, sichuan unicom officially announced the 130 mobile phone free access, users only need to pay 100 yuan net procedure prepaid phone can do.On 19 November 11 PM, chengdu branch citing to meet wto head for mobile communications, announced 20 chengdu 136/137 "global" mobile phone fell to 10 yuan, it only need to spend 200 yuan in advance.Chengdu access network to form the real "zero fee". After the New Year's day 2000, wto entry predictions about the 21st century and his brother does not make since then shook hands.On March 12, 2000, huangshan daily on the same page of two side by side "good news", "mobile" announced "3 · 15" big reward, monthly 5 discount, namely, local knowledge 15 yuan, global 25 yuan.Unicom announced 130 users monthly fee shall be 10 yuan, the local fee discount. When breaking monopoly become a main melody of the reform of telecommunications industry, the competition of the price can't be avoid and slam the door.Similar things happened in the middle of the home appliance enterprise represented by color TV, a direct result of the price competition make consumers already obtained reasonable consumer prices have also obtained the reliable service guarantee, the volume of development by leaps and bounds. Last November 24, the state planning commission, ministry of information industry jointly announced that the rates of domestic telecom market appear to be question to rectify, mobile phones have become the consolidation the first object.According to the regulation, the enterprise shall not be adjusted without mobile phone charging methods and fee standards, relating to the standards and methods for fee collection must declare to the ministry of information industry by the company headquarters, approved, which, after the offer to carry out promotional activities, to declare to telecom industry departments in accordance with the procedure for examination and approval. According to the department in charge of explanation, the mobile communication market in China is still is an oligopoly, the market is not standard, insufficient effective competition, it is difficult to according to the market pricing, can only implement the government pricing.National standard market price is in order to guide enterprise benign operation, to avoid vicious competition bring the negative impact of industrial development, the specification of the price can ensure the user's long-term interests from losses, for sustainable growth in the country's telecom to accumulate the necessary funds. Although in some places the price of war remains to be further standardized, although the price war is endowed with a certain sense of fall, but it does give consumers and businesses has brought a certain degree of benefits.Say this benefit is "definitely", because for the price, to bring benefits to consumers but the real benefit should include operation and improve the service quality;Prices make the enterprise in the competition for market share with fatal attraction, but this kind of attraction for is beyond the capacity of enterprises. China telecom and China unicom are state-owned enterprises, responsible for the value of state-owned assets, if the price war into vicious competition will not only cause the loss of state-owned assets, there is also a cause the enterprise to reduce the risk of quality and service, in the end is also will damage the interests of consumers.But now some parts of it and calls a drop drop makes consumers believe that mobile communication there is a big price cut space, from the consumer's point of view, the premise of enterprise price is to be able to guarantee profits, although here don't rule out the growth of enterprises in pursuit of simple and temporary sacrifice profits. When the actual behavior of operating companies are increasingly characterized by conflict with the provisions of the administration, put forward the new proposition, no doubt to the competent department of the door when countries formulate rules of the game, companies can have more initiative at the price?How to really up to the standard, guide the role of market price, rather than for corporate decisions? First, look from overseas operations pattern, when the market is in a state of two oligopoly, tend to form the most price collusion, reasonable carve up the market.State of competition in the market should not appear at present the price of the mix between China unicom and China mobile war situation, and in a third or more operators to join the market competition for the former, the two firms had a very good time to adjust the strategy, saving power.In China will be the eve of the accession to the WTO, we have repeatedly emphasized "both opportunities and challenges," but the former China unicom and China mobile's obviously violates the practice of economic law can't help worrying, may be the biggest challenge is to from their own.Which is related to management the most should first solve the problem of reasonable guidance, norm. Second, in the development of China unicom for six years, the state given constant support, public opinion given constant support, China unicom has achieved was seen by everybody.China unicom in one of the goals is to break the monopoly, the China mobile communications market in a new can compete with China mobile operators, but the problem is, six years of support really achieve the ultimate goal?If support into the development of inertial, China unicom's future competition potential in where?On price to attract the most effective and the most unstable. Third, if a careful analysis of the causes of China unicom and China mobile, the price war, to pursue the growth of the number of users is direct purpose, but growth in the number of one-sided pursuit of users to enterprise development.Can not deny the fact that each attract a user into the network, consumers will herald a new phone, but if in order to achieve this purpose and reduce the net price or cost price to sacrifice profits, have bit of kill and stirring.Around the price war, does not rule out in order to complete the new user growth number and so desperate warriors.So, we have the necessary perspective when making new user growth target, how many excesses of the bubble. Today, the development of Chinese mobile communication high-end user market has become saturated, from a certain point of view, the future of new users will give priority to with low consumption power users.For operators to attract users to access the ultimate aim is to produce cost consumption, for China mobile, faces the question of whether or not to choose reasonable to give up, that is to say, there is no need to with China unicom users at the low end market so the life-and-death contest.The problem for China mobile, because China mobile users high consumption ability is more, because the sooner the net users apparently more has the characteristics of the China mobile in the fight for the advantage is that some users. Price is only for primary means of the market, the focus of the final competition will focus on the service.If a comprehensive view of the China mobile and China unicom's competition, we will find that, compared to two operators for service, to push the new business is already under way of benign competition.For example, China mobile and China unicom according to user requirements, launch free mail service, billed for the user are introduced from it, from the basic call charges prepaid card, such as China mobile "easyown" card, "sd" business of China unicom and so on.If the competition in the price level and the interests of the consumers get only short-term, so the competition on the level of service, quality, new business, is to bring the Gospel of consumer interest for a long time. "Mobile power supply is actually an assembly products, the technical threshold is relatively low."Industry insiders told reporters, because of the lack of national standards, different manufacturers vary widely in the cell and circuit board materials.Common mobile power batteries, for example, there are 18650 lithium polymer batteries and electric batteries.Polymer batteries, safety performance, stable performance, etc, but the price is higher also."Is not to say 18650 batteries is not safe, high quality 18650 batteries have artificially cannot complete process, large investment, high production process requirement, so few to produce."Zhuo Deng Guan can vice President hao said, 18650 batteries manufacturer by three years ago, more than 30 so far, more than 100, but not more than 15% profit of enterprise.At present, mobile power with 18650 batteries "there is no minimum, only lower price, in order to survive and profit, the price become quickly open the market, resulting in a large number of inferior battery with mobile power supply market.Batteries, the quality is the bottom line, for the price war to cut corners, serious qi capacity phenomenon is normal, and this is what led to the current mobile power supply safety accidents of the culprit. A the expert inside course of study tells a reporter, the function of the circuit board is to take the direct current step-down archived batteries, again through internal step-down or booster to power a mobile phone.In the process, circuit board is responsible for the actual conversion efficiency of mobile power supply, various protection mechanisms and output effect;Once the PCB short circuit, it may cause cell spontaneous combustion."Well-made circuit board each of about 70 yuan, and inferior even less than half the price of the circuit boards; qualified circuit board should be overheating protection, short circuit protection." |
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