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指导美国essay Should Human Cloning be Allowed?
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Cloning: general outlook
3. Reasons against cloning
4. Conclusion
Introduction
Cloning is a topic, which provokes loud debates among scientists and ordinary members of the society. Fantastic pictures created by many generations of the fiction writers came to be more real than they have expected. Cloning isn’t a term from the fiction novel any more but a reality we have to meet and react accordingly. Rapid development of new technologies in this field put the question of cloning from the plane of mere moralizing to more practical plane. The cloning debate is especially strong during last several years and both sides give very convincing arguments pro and contra cloning.
Those, who support cloning, give many reasons about use it can bring to the mankind. Among the main reasons which should persuade wide public in the necessity to continue experiments and tests in the field of cloning they call great use of cloning for medicine as it give the opportunity to grow organs for transportation; wonderful chance for barren couples to have a child with DNA of one of the parents. Supporters of the cloning also depict a wonderful possibility to revive great scientists, inventors of the past and put the mankind into the new level with their help. Perspectives depicted by those who support cloning are very seducing but we should remember about the dangers hidden in the development of this new method of reproduction.
In my paper I will try to give reasons against cloning, as I believe that it’s necessary to perform much research and experiments before making cloning the part of our everyday life. In my papers I will try to give several group of reasons against cloning. These groups are moral and ethical, physiological, religious, technological and some others.
Cloning: general outlook
To get a better idea about the cloning, its advantages and disadvantages, we must get a better idea about the process, which is understood by this term. There are three different branches of development of cloning, which belong to different areas. Embryo cloning deals with the fertilization and includes technique, which gives possibility to recreate embryos. In this case fertilized embryos are reproduced and newborn babies will have absolutely identical DNA. This kind of cloning was used for cloning animals and only lately big step was made in this area in order to make it possible to use embryo cloning to help people who can not have children. A lot of research should be made in this field before embryo cloning will be used for human cloning. Another type of cloning is called reproductive cloning and assumes reproduction of grown animals. Famous ship Dolly was created using this method. One cell from the grown up creature is used to fertilize and create an embryo. This kind of cloning provokes big social resonance. There is much speculation about this topic. The most furious opponents of cloning describe terrible pictures of army of clones created with the help of this method. Reproductive cloning became the subject of concern of not only scientists, but also the politicians and was forbidden in many countries. This cloning wasn’t tested on humans yet. Moral and ethical side of this problem provoke a lot of debates in the modern society. In addition, experiments done on animals show big percentage of irreversible genetic changes in the cloned animals, which provokes additional concerns. Theoretically, this type of cloning lets to reproduce an exact copy of an alive grown up person.
Third type of cloning called therapeutic is used mainly in medicine. Another name for this type of cloning is biomedical cloning. This kind of cloning is used to create organs or tissues for transplantation. In this case new healthy organ is created from the DNA of the person in order to replace his or her ill organ. Theoretically, this technique can be much better than transplantation of organs from other people. Organs and tissues achieved with the help of biomedical cloning will be absolutely suitable for the patient as they would be created from his DNK, which would make them absolutely identical to the organs they replace. Using this method would allow to simplify the process of transplantation and to reduce its cost. It’s necessary to make a distinction between these three types of cloning as they serve to completely different goals and present different level of threat and should be judged differently.
Reasons against cloning
克隆是一个主题,就是惹动之间的辩论大声科学家和普通的社会成员的努力。创造的幻想的多少代小说的作者来要比预计的更真实。克隆不是一个学期再从科幻小说,而是现实我们必须满足相应的反应。快速发展的新技术在这一领域的克隆提出这样一个问题仅仅从飞机上给更具有实用性的说教的飞机。克隆的争论尤其强烈在过去的几年内,双方都非常令人信服的论据职业给魂斗罗的克隆。
那些支持克隆,给很多原因使用它会给人类。在主要原因应劝说公众的广泛的必要性继续实验和测试领域的他们称之为极大地利用克隆为医学克隆提供了发展机会器官的运输、美妙的机会贫瘠的夫妇有一个孩子,有一个家长的DNA。克隆的支持者也反映一个美妙的可能性恢复伟大科学家、发明家的过去,把人类进入一个新的水平,他们的帮助。那些支持的角度描绘克隆很诱惑,但是我们应该记住危险的警告了隐藏在这种新方法的发展的复制。
在本文中,我将试图给的理由来反对克隆,我认为这是必须进行大量的研究和实验之前制造克隆了我们日常生活的一部分。在我的论文,我会给几个群的理由来反对克隆。这些团体被道德和伦理的、生理的、宗教、技术和其他一些人。
克隆:整体前景
能得到一个更好的了解我们的克隆,它的优点和缺点,我们必须得到一个更好的主意的过程,这是理解这个术语。有三种不同的分支的克隆的发展,属于不同的地区。受精胚胎克隆处理,包括技术,将可能重现胚胎。在这种情况下受精的胚胎被复制和新生的婴儿会完全相同的DNA。这种克隆用于克隆动物和最近才大步在这个地区是为了使它可能使用胚胎克隆来帮助人们,那些人不能有孩子。大量的研究应该在这个领域胚胎克隆之前将用于人类的克隆。另一种类型的克隆称为再生克隆繁殖生长,承担的动物。多利是著名的船是用了这个方法。一个细胞生物从长大用于肥料和创造一个胚胎。这种克隆引发大社会共鸣。很有可能思索关于这个话题。最激烈的反对克隆军队的照片描述可怕的帮助下克隆创造了这个方法。生殖克隆成为关注的话题,不仅科学家,也是政治家和被禁止在许多国家使用。这种克隆不是在人类身上测试呢。道德与伦理的一面惹很多这个问题的争论在现代社会。此外,在动物身上做实验显示大比例的不可逆的克隆动物的遗传改变,应该引起额外的关注。理论上,这种类型的克隆让复制一个精确的拷贝一个活着的成人。
第三种类型的克隆称为治疗是主要使用在医学上的作用。另一个名字给这个类型的克隆生物医学克隆。这种克隆是用于创建器官或组织进行移植。在这种情况下,创造了全新的健康机构的DNA的人为了取代他或她生病的器官。理论上,该技术能比移植器官的其他人。器官和组织的帮助下实现生物医学克隆会非常适合病人将他们视为由他的DNK,这将使他们完全相同器官取代。用这种方法将允许简化审贷程序,降低其成本移植。这是必须做区别这三种类型的克隆为他们服务,完全不同的目标和呈现不同程度的威胁,应采用不同的评估方式。
的理由来反对克隆
All these types of cloning get a completely different shade when we talk about humans. The most radical and conservative enemies of any kinds of cloning predict degradation of human race if cloning is ever used for humans. There is another big group of scientists who see cloning as a wonderful way to overcome many diseases, oldness and even death. “Most fear about human cloning stems from ignorance” they state and their opinion also has right to be heard.
Moral dilemma is the first issue, which comes to our mind when we start talking about cloning. Most religions organization don’t support cloning as they estimate it like actions against Divine plan and like those, which contradict God’s will. Religious figures state that God’s opinion is expressed in the Bible and this opinion definitely sentences cloning. There are passages in the Bible where it’s mentioned that human wish to liken to God will be punished severely.
It’s evident that cloning is an attempt to encroach on God’s power. Exile of Adam and Eva from the Garden of Eden and Babylonian tower show the results of human disobedience. I think that religion is an integral part of our life and it’s not possible not to take the opinion of the religious authorities into account. To believe or not to believe in God is our personal choice but we should consider opinion of those who do and for whom cloning can be absolutely unacceptable.
Cloning is a comparatively new phenomenon and scientists had too little time to study all the possible consequences and influences of cloning on living organisms. The risks of genes mutation isn’t studied in all detail yet. There is a possibility that genes taken from grown up person used to create an embryo will cause too early aging of the organism. There are results of the experiments, which scientists try to hide and these results show frightening facts. There is a big number of deviations during the cloning experiments hold on animals and in a number of cases cloning produces mutated creatures with different deviations from norm. All the modern devices used for diagnostics can not give 100% guarantees that all abnormalities will be diagnosed before the birth. It’s a common known fact that famous Dolly the sheep died of severe lung disease and suffered from many other diseases. There is a big probability that all these diseases were the result of cloning. When it comes to human we must take into account longer period of human life and that it must take at least 20 years to be sure in the safety of human cloning.#p#分页标题#e#
Moral issue becomes one more serious reason against human cloning. It’s hard to imagine what both - the parent whose DNA was used to make a clone and child feel during their interaction. First of all parent will see younger copy of himself or herself and it’s hard to predict possible reaction. Another problem arises for child when he knows exactly the way he will look in the future, the way he behaves, makes choices, etc. Another important problem arises when we think about another parent, who will see in the clone a copy of his beloved spouse who will be 20 years younger, in addition. Technically, there will be even no incest if they fall in love with each other, as clone doesn’t have same blood as any of the parents. These are only some of possible problems which can arise when in comes to moral issue. We also should consider that cloning isn’t an integral part of our society yet and cloned child can suffer from the negative attitude of the surrounding, which can also create serious problems for adaptation.
Moral issue puts another difficult dilemma in front of those who call cloning safe and reliable method of reproduction. We still do not have any regulations in this field and in controversial issues like this there is always a threat that innovation gets into the wrong hands and create more harms than use. I think that situation with nuclear weapon is a very bright example when great discoveries and innovations turned to be a terrible weapon against the whole mankind and became the object of speculation and great power of chosen countries and even individuals. Cloning sounds wonderful when we think about the people it could help but if we imagine the harm it can cause if gets into the wrong hands we can doubt even possible use it can bring.
Dr. Dixon, one of the prominent experts on the field of ethics of cloning is very harsh when expressing his opinion about the future of cloning adult people. He states that “The only reasons people want to clone are for selfish reasons. They are totally obsessed with their own right to have a clone or to clone dead relatives, without any regard to the welfare of the child, and this is the whole thrust of it.”
His radical position exaggerates the horrors and undermines possible use cloning can bring to the mankind but still we should consider the possibility that cloning can not become a dangerous weapon in the hands of separate individuals and will bring irreparable harm to the genetic fund of our the mankind. If we put aside moral issue and ethical concerns about the cloning we can see scientific arguments against it and these arguments are also important. It’s worth to underline one more time that there are too many unsuccessful efforts of cloning when embryos die or undergo irreparable genetic changes which make impossible their normal life and functioning. The process of evolution assumes natural selection and human interference within this process can break this fragile balance and finally stop the genetic improvements of the spices. Evolution or genetic improvements are possible only through natural reproduction as they assume the mixture of male and female genes, which become impossible during the process of cloning. For example, it took 227 attempts to get a famous Dolly the ship. These are the results of animals tests. Human organism, mind, psychics are much more complicated than those of animals and percentage of failure is respectably higher in the cases of human cloning.
Another scientific argument against cloning adduces those who consider genetic diversity to be one of the main way of evolutionary process. Cloning assumes using already existing types of DNA for new individuals, which will naturally stop creating new DNA patters as during the natural reproduction. It’s a common known fact that reduced DNA variations cause genetic mutations and defects. Cloning isn’t popular yet and it hasn’t become an integral part of our society yet and this problem sounds far-fetched and unreal but let’s imagine life on our planet in several centuries if using only the cloning instead of natural reproduction and we will understand the seriousness of the problem scientists predict today. From the practical reasons it’s easier of course to reproduce naturally but it’s hard to imagine the situation when people will know the possibility to create a new life without the difficulties caused by pregnancy, sufferings of childbirth, etc.
Conclusion
Cloning is definitely an innovative method of reproduction, which opens wide perspective in many branches of science. In can be used in medicine, agriculture, chemistry and many other sciences. But I think there must be done a lot of research and testing before it becomes a part of our life. I believe that those, who see only positive aspects of cloning and possible use it can bring, undermine the problems and complications it can cause if used thoughtlessly. Mutations, degradation and unpredictable and irreversible changes of the animals and humans produced with the help of this method of reproduction only the most significant problems it can cause. There are many others and only considerable study of all possible consequences and pros and contras must influence final decision in this field.
References
1. Becker, Gay. The Elusive Embryo: How Women and Men Approach New Reproductive Technologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
2. Nancy L. Jones, “Human cloning-embryo style: Deliverance or captivity?,” The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, 2001-NOV-28, at:
3. Pence, Gregory E. Re-Creating Medicine: http://www.ukassignment.org/mgessaydx/2012/0222/19280.html Ethical Issues at the Frontiers of Medicine. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000.
4. Andrews, Lori, “Is There a Right to Clone? Constitutional Challenges to Bans on Human Cloning.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 11 (1998): 643-681.
5. Andrews, Lori, “Cloning Human Beings: Responding to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission Report.” Hastings Center Report 27.5 (1997): 18-20.
6. Dixon, Dr. Patrick “Human Cloning-demand grows for clones of humans.”
7. Duin Julia Branve New World of Cloning Spawns Ehtical Nightmares // The Washington Times, May 19, 1999
8. Gosden R. Designer Babies: The Brave New World of Reproductive Technology. London: Victor Gollancz, 1999.
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