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Relationship Between Culture And Toyotas Performances
本报告是针对一系列的文化问题。本报告的主要目的是确定由丰田公司，这是一个汽车制造业的跨文化管理。它也将提出建议，有什么经验教训可以学习以及丰田公司如何提高未来的跨文化管理。
跨文化意识是国际商务成功的关键。越来越多的移民和更多的商业机会也产生了跨文化的更大的互动。在一个全球品牌主宰所有零售环境的世界里，很明显我们现在生活在一个全球经济。任何一个非洲城市的游客都会看到身穿英式足球衬衫的人们，广告牌上贴着欧洲设计师的标签，人们开着日本或韩国的汽车，当地的家庭排队吃麦当劳餐。全球经济不仅成为贸易，而且成为文化和身份融合的地方。
This report is addressed to a range of cultural issues. The main purpose of this report is to identify the cross-culture management by Toyota company which is a car manufacturing industry. It will also present recommendations on what lessons can be leant and how Toyota company can improve the cross-culture management in the future.
2.0 Introduction 简介
In a twenty-first century economy, intercultural awareness is the key to international business success. Increasing migration and more business opportunities have also produced greater interaction across cultures. In a world where global brands dominate all retail environments, that is very evident that we now live in a global economy. Any visitor to an African city is greeted by the sight of people wearing English football shirts, billboards advertising European designer label fashions, people driving Japanese or Korean cars and local families queuing up for McDonalds meal. The global economy has become one not only of trade but also one where cultures and identities are merging.
Cross-cultural management is a term which summarizes a number of different elements. First it describes the range of organizational behavior which exist both countries and cultures. Second, it compares and contrast organizational behavior across countries and cultures. Third, it seeks to understand to understand and improve the interaction of co-workers, clients, suppliers and partners from different countries and cultures.
Managing human resources in overseas locations poses different problems and challenges for HR managers, than if employees were based in the home base. The growth of global trade has driven the trend for internationalization and the proliferation of expatriate assignments. There is a need to effectively manage this for the benefit of both the company and the individuals.
According to Geert Hofstede(1999), he researched the role of national culture within the organization and identified five dimensions which he argued largely accounted for cross-cultural differences in people's belief systems and values. These he termed 'uncertainty avoidance', 'masculinity', 'individualism', 'power distance' and 'confusion dynamism'.
In real international business Toyota manufactures a diverse line-up of vehicles all over the globe. As an innovative leader, Toyota is well-known for its management philosophy and the world's first mass-market hybrids
3.0 Relationship between culture and Toyota's performances
Culture is the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of the Toyota, which operate unconsciously and define in a basic 'taken for granted' fashion a Toyota's view of it and its environment.
The concept of culture is important because it exerts a strong influence on Toyota's strategies, structures and systems and overall performances.
A positive and result oriented Toyota company culture plays a major role in determining Toyota company performance, can improve an organization's ability to implement new business strategies and contribute to organizational effectiveness and excellence and to overall competitive advantage and vice versa.
Positive cultures bring about employee commitment which is key determinant in its success.
It establishes the need to develop company specific skills, autonomy, innovation and risk taking which can enhance the quality and productivity.
4.0 Creation of cross cultural teams in Toyota Company
Globalization is the trend that is widely regarded as a prime catalyst for international human resource management. This removal of geographical borders when conducting business, and the subsequent erosion of cultural and distance barriers, has stimulated international business, and caused human resource practitioners to develop new concepts and skills to manage people outside their traditional boundaries. There are four major drivers of globalization: the global market with its consumer needs, wants and expectations; production and labor costs in different countries; government rules and regulations regarding taxes, tariffs, quality control and import/export restrictions; and competitors' actions.
At Toyota, everyone within the organization, from executives to shop-floor workers, is challenged to use their initiative and creativity to experiment. Human Resources Department of Toyota often hear labor advocates criticize assembly line work as being oppressive, and claim that menial labor robs workers of their mental faculties. However, this could not be further from the truth with respect to organizational culture. When Toyota sets up assembly lines, it selects only the best and brightest workers, and challenges them to grow in their jobs by constantly solving problems. All areas of the organization (including sales, engineering, service, accounting, human resources, etc.) are staffed with carefully selected individuals, and the company gives them directives to improve their processes and increase customer satisfaction.
5.0 Cultural Issues
Toyota Company has sometimes received assistance from an outside source, either in some form of training or kaizen event. Some attempts have been made at a 5-S implementation, with a couple of tool boards in place and a few documents posted that no one looks at. Changeover time at some equipment has been reduced, and there is some form of a Total Productive Maintenance program with a preventive maintenance schedule that is not up to date. In truth, however, such companies are not truly managing cross cultural. This failure to implement the Toyota Production System (TPS), or lean manufacturing, is a result of management's inability to create a true cultural management.
Managers are increasingly exposed to working with, or within, many different business cultures. This involves working in other countries, working in organizations that have operations in other cultural environments, or working with colleagues from a wide range of cultures. That means managers facing these interdependent challenges;
The need to become more inter-culturally competent in order to operate in an increasingly diversified business world.
The need to understand and develop business models that will be suitable to this changing context.
The need to create organizational models and structures which will reflect the new circumstances and gain maximum benefit and opportunity.
When a Toyota intends to expand to an overseas market, human resource managers need to utilize human capital in order to conduct the business more efficiently and effectively. Human Resource Managers could consult local representatives of an overseas business regarding: local culture, employment aspects, safety, customs and traditions in order to operate in harmony with local company's procedures. For example, women may have a different status in business in other countries compared to UK. In Dubai, as in all Islamic countries, foreign women are not allowed to be employed. Therefore, this will affect human resource's international recruitment strategy, not only for the employees, but also for wives of its expatriates. Different ethical and business standards can also lead to negative experiences.
Culture influences and shapes the business structure and human resource management practices. Doing business overseas is a critical and important step because of the possible incompatibility of perceptions or standards in the company's human resource's policies and practice.
6.0 Toyota considered these matters when managing cross cultural
Toyota's established clear vision communicates to all relevant stakeholders.
Toyota establishes widely shared beliefs and values.
They provide effective leadership
Top management commitment
Setting of high standards and insistence of achievement
Publication of their success.
Toyota always rewarding those who make contributions and determinations of deviance
Toyota invests time and money into their employees and has become the model for a true learning organization. The importance of teams and teamwork is a way of life: team-building training is required, and it is put to practice daily. This investment in its employees far exceeds that of the typical organization that focuses on making parts and counting quarterly profit.#p#分页标题#e#
7.0 Purpose of Toyota's cross cultural education and training are
Toyota cultural training is designed to encourage employees to study and evaluate the components of their own culture so that employees become more aware of their hidden cultural assumptions which interfere with effective intercultural action.
Toyota cultural education seeks to expand employee's repertoire of culturally appropriate behaviors so that they can operate more effectively in cross-cultural encounters in the workplace.
Toyota cultural education and training tries to evaluate the impact of cultural factors on job performance. It can be argued that cultural traits and differences are so ingrained that it is hard for individuals even to understand they are there or that they have an influence on behaviour. There is a large body of opinion supporting the idea that different cultural traits between countries can be understood to play a part in the behaviours and way of working prevalent among individual action, how relationships are formed and maintained, how products are perceived and located in markets and the success of communication.
8.0 Conclusion
So, what can companies learn from Toyota? The most important lesson is to develop a continuous improvement culture and stick with it. Organizations have a tendency to jump around from program to program based on the latest "buzzword." It is difficult to build a learning organization when the program changes from month to month. Companies must start their culture transformation with a philosophy of continuous improvement. The change must start from the top, and this may require an executive leadership shakeup. Everyone from the bottom up must be involved in the transformation. This includes training in cross cultural principles, team building and problem solving. Use middle managers as change agents to drive the transformation.
To truly understand the power of a continuous improvement culture, we again look to Toyota. Toyota employees generate more than one million process improvement ideas annually. The more astounding number is the fact that 90 percent of those ideas are implemented. There is no secret to why this occurs. Toyota executives have created a culture that encourages and rewards this behavior.
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