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美国essay范文-美国从孤立主义到干预的转变。本文是一篇美国留学生essay写作范文，主要内容是讲述由于一战的可怕经历和后果，大约90%的美国人支持关于美国卷入另一场战争的孤立主义。继续努力保持“中立”状态，并通过干预维持世界稳定，这些选择使美国人相互对立。富兰克林·D·罗斯福总统和政府在努力保持美国“中立”方面面临许多挑战。下面就一起来参考这篇美国essay范文。 
Due to the gruesome experience & aftermath of WWI, approximately 90% of Americans supported isolationism regarding U.S. involvement in another war (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). The continued efforts to remain in a state of “neutrality” and maintain stability in the world by intervention were choices that kept Americans in opposition with one another. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and administration faced many challenges in striving to keep America “neutral”.
By the mid-1930’s it seemed as though a new world war was taking shape in Asia and Europe. When Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy and the Fascist Party (rejected democratic forms of government and favored dictatorship), planned to invade Ethiopia, U.S. Congress acted to “protect neutral rights” and not become entrapped in the conflict (Brinkley 613-619). On August 31, 1935, the first Neutrality Act was established. It prohibited military weapons, ammunition, etc. against both sides in any military conflict and discouraged Americans to travel (or do so at their own risk) on any ships of the nations at war. On February 29, 1936, Congress revised the first Neutrality Act and prohibited America from advancing any loans to nations at war. The Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the widespread progression of fascism in Europe led to expanding the Neutrality Act of 1937, aka the “cash-and-carry” policy, that allowed nations at war to purchase only non-military goods and do so by only paying cash and shipping their goods themselves on non-American ships. Since raw materials like oil and food were not considered “weapons of war”, it would be a prosperous venture for the nation that acquired it. Unlike the rest of the Neutrality Act of 1937, which was permanent, this part of it had an expiration date of two years (Brinkley 613-619, Longley).
到了1930年代中期，亚洲和欧洲似乎正在形成一场新的世界大战。当意大利和法西斯党领导人贝尼托·墨索里尼（拒绝民主政府形式，支持独裁）计划入侵埃塞俄比亚时，美国国会采取了“保护中立权利”的行动，而不是陷入冲突。1935年8月31日，第一个中立法案成立。它禁止在任何军事冲突中对双方使用军事武器、弹药等，并阻止美国人乘坐战争国家的任何船只旅行（或自行承担风险）。1936年2月29日，国会修订了第一部中立法案，禁止美国向处于战争状态的国家提供任何贷款。1936年的西班牙内战和法西斯主义在欧洲的广泛发展导致了1937年《中立法案》的扩大，即“现付现付”政策，该政策允许处于战争状态的国家只购买非军事物资，只需支付现金并将其货品自己运送到非美国船只上即可。由于石油和食品等原材料不被视为“战争武器”，因此对于获得这些原材料的国家来说，这将是一次繁荣的冒险。与1937年《中立法案》的其余部分不同，该法案是永久性的，该部分的到期日为两年。
WWII, already happening in Asia, began in Europe on September 3, 1939, when Britain and France declared war on Germany, two days after Hitler and the Nazi troops in Poland. Even though President Roosevelt stated, “this nation will remain a neutral nation”, he and most Americans favored Britain, France, and the Allied nations in the conflict after the invasion of Poland (Brinkley 613-619). Due to numerous defense of armies and weapons that Hitler had acquired for Germany, President Roosevelt began to weigh America’s “neutrality” against the burden to help democratic nations defend themselves against the progression of fascism like that of Germany and Italy. On November 4, 1939, Congress passed the final Neutrality Act. This act lifted the prohibition of military weapons, ammunition, etc., (ending the arms embargo) and trade with nations at war had to adhere to the “cash-and-carry” policy for the sale of non-military goods that the previous Neutrality Act of 1937 indicated. Nevertheless, the prohibition of advancing any loans and transporting goods on American ships to nations at war remained intact, which benefited Britain and France tremendously. Overall, the Neutrality Acts were a way in which America could pacify the opinions of those who supported isolationism, while still intervening and protecting America’s interests in a foreign war (Brinkley 613-619, Longley).
1939年9月3日，在希特勒和纳粹军队进驻波兰两天后，英国和法国向德国宣战，第二次世界大战已经在亚洲爆发。尽管罗斯福总统表示，“这个国家将保持中立”，但他和大多数美国人在入侵波兰后的冲突中支持英国、法国和盟国。由于希特勒为德国获得了大量的军队和武器防御，罗斯福总统开始权衡美国的“中立”与帮助民主国家抵御德国和意大利等法西斯主义发展的负担。1939年11月4日，国会通过了最终中立法案。该法案取消了对军事武器、弹药等的禁令（终止了武器禁运），与战争国家的贸易必须遵守1937年《中立法案》规定的“现付现付”政策，以销售非军事物资。尽管如此，禁止美国船只向战争国家提供任何贷款和运输货物的规定仍然没有改变，这使英国和法国受益匪浅。总的来说，中立法案是一种方式，在这种方式下，美国可以安抚那些支持孤立主义的人的意见，同时仍然在对外战争中干预和保护美国的利益。 Within the next year, President Roosevelt and his administration gained even more steps to oppose the progression of fascism and intervention in WWII. On May 15, 1940, a desperate Winston Churchill, who had only been Prime Minister of Britain for five days, contacted President Roosevelt requesting his assistance in supplying England with “weapons of war”. The British military was in serious trouble and more than likely without our help they would not survive. President Roosevelt did not hesitate to ask Congress for an additional $1 billion to aid England in the war and it was granted without delay. America supplied them with 50 American destroyers (WWI left-overs), new aircraft, etc., bypassing the stipulations of the Neutrality Acts. However, President Roosevelt wanted something in return for providing aid to them. He wanted the right to build American bases on British territory in the Caribbean and Canada. Thus, the “Destroyer for Bases Agreement” was reached in August that shifted from a loan to a “lease agreement” in exchange for our giving Britain “weapons of war”, America would obtain the British territory to build the American bases. This agreement had a major fluctuation in the American opinion of isolationism from foreign policy to intervention in the war against the Axis forces (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria). According to opinion polls, more than 66% of Americans believed that the Axis forces posed a threat to America and favored our assistance to the Allies (Brinkley 622). President Roosevelt firmly believed that America should be an “arsenal for democracy” to the Allied armies.
在接下来的一年里，罗斯福总统和他的政府采取了更多的步骤来反对法西斯主义的发展和干涉二战。1940年5月15日，绝望的温斯顿·丘吉尔与罗斯福总统联系，请求他协助向英国提供“战争武器”。英国军队陷入了严重的麻烦，如果没有我们的帮助，他们很可能无法生存。罗斯福总统毫不犹豫地要求国会追加10亿美元，以援助英国参战，并毫不拖延地获得批准。美国绕过中立法案的规定，向他们提供了50艘美国驱逐舰（第一次世界大战遗留下来的）、新飞机等。然而，罗斯福总统想要一些东西作为对他们提供援助的回报。他想要在加勒比海和加拿大的英国领土上建立美国基地的权利。因此，8月份达成了“驱逐舰换基地协议”，该协议从贷款改为“租赁协议”，以换取我们给予英国“战争武器”，美国将获得英国领土以建造美国基地。从外交政策到对轴心国（德国、意大利、日本、匈牙利、罗马尼亚和保加利亚）的战争干预，这一协议使美国的孤立主义观点发生了重大波动。根据民意调查，超过66%的美国人认为轴心国军队对美国构成威胁，并支持我们向盟国提供援助（Brinkley 622）。罗斯福总统坚信，美国应该成为盟军的“民主兵工厂”。
At the end of 1940, Britain was “virtually bankrupt” and could not meet the requirements of the “cash-and-carry” provisions of the Neutrality Acts (Brinkley 622). President Roosevelt knew some changes had to be made in how America was supplying defense aid to Britain. He proposed the “Lend-Lease Act” at the end of 1940 to Congress. The “Lend-Lease Act” authorized the American government to sell, lend, exchange, or lease arms and/or any defense “weapons of war” to any nation it “deemed vital to the defense of the United States” (Brinkley 623, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). In other words, America could channel “weapons of war” to Britain with no more than a promise to return them when the war was over. The “Lend-Lease Act” was approved on March 11, 1941, by Congress (Brinkley 623, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum).
1940年底，英国“几乎破产”，无法满足《中立法案》中“现金和携带”条款的要求。罗斯福总统知道，美国向英国提供国防援助的方式必须有所改变。1940年底，他向国会提出了《租借法案》。《租借法案》授权美国政府向其“认为对保卫美国至关重要”的任何国家出售、租借、交换或租赁武器和/或任何国防“战争武器”（Brinkley 623，美国大屠杀纪念馆）。换句话说，美国可以将“战争武器”输送给英国，而只需承诺在战争结束时归还这些武器。1941年3月11日，国会批准了《租借法案》。
On December 7, 1941, a surprise attack from Japanese bombers at our naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which was a correlated effort to destroy and/or damage American and British holdings in Asia. America lost 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 other vessels, 188 airplanes, etc. and more than 2,400 soldiers/sailors died, another 1,000 were injured, within 2 hours (Brinkley 625). The American military was now compromised and reduced to a minimum in the Pacific. The only positive note about the attack was that no American aircraft carriers (the heart of the fleet) had been at Pearl Harbor that horrific day. With that being said, this tragedy brought unity with the American people to disregard isolationism views and agreed that intervention was inevitable. On December 8, 1941, Congress voted (unanimous vote for the Senate and 388 to 1 for the House) to approve a declaration of war against Japan. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy (allies of Japan) declared war on America and Congress retaliated without a hesitation (Brinkley 625-626). America played a crucial role in the war against Germany and Italy. Nevertheless, the price that the Allies paid was far beyond the contributions America made to it. The numerous loss of lives, socialism, and infrastructure was disheartening compared to our tragic losses. Ultimately, it was not American forces that brought the war against Japan to a close, it was the unleashing of the atomic bomb on its’ people that finally convinced the nation to surrender (Brinkley 651). When WWII ended, America was economically better than any other country in the world. America had prospered tremendously-more than anyone could have imagined-before or during the war.
1941年12月7日，日本轰炸机对我们位于夏威夷珍珠港的海军基地发动了突然袭击，这是一次联合行动，旨在摧毁和/或破坏美国和英国在亚洲的财产。美国损失了8艘战舰、3艘巡洋舰、4艘其他船只、188架飞机等。2小时内，2400多名士兵/水手死亡，1000人受伤。美国军队现在妥协了，在太平洋地区降到了最低限度。关于这次袭击的唯一积极消息是，在那可怕的一天，没有美国航空母舰（舰队的核心）在珍珠港。话虽如此，这场悲剧使美国人民团结起来，无视孤立主义观点，并同意干预是不可避免的。1941年12月8日，国会投票（参议院以388票赞成，众议院以1票反对）批准对日宣战。1941年12月11日，德国和意大利（日本的盟友）向美国宣战，国会毫不犹豫地进行了报复。美国在反对德国和意大利的战争中发挥了关键作用。然而，盟国付出的代价远远超过了美国对它的贡献。与我们悲惨的损失相比，无数生命、社会主义和基础设施的损失令人沮丧。最终，并不是美国军队结束了对日战争，是原子弹对日本人民的释放最终说服了日本投降。二战结束时，美国的经济状况优于世界上任何其他国家。美国的繁荣程度超出了任何人在战争之前或战争期间的想象。
After the death of President Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, the new president, Harry S. Truman agreed with the “inside” people of government and many Americans regarding the Soviet Union and the leadership of Josef Stalin that it was not to be trusted. They were viewed as “fundamentally untrustworthy” and “suspicious and even loathing” (Brinkley 658). By the end of 1945, a new American foreign policy was slowly developing known as containment. This was policy was designed to prevent Soviet expansion and transpired into what is known as the Truman Doctrine. Ultimately, it decreased Soviet pressure on Turkey and help their government defeat communism and containment that survived for over 40 years. Another essential part of the containment policy was the Marshall Plan. In April 1947, Congress approved the Economic Cooperation Administration that executed the Marshall Plan. In three years, it provided aid to the economic reconstruction of the European nations (including the Soviet Union) and generated over $12 billion into the economic rebuilding of Western Europe. By the end of 1950, industrial production had grown to 64%, communism had declined, and opportunities for America to resume trading with them had increased dramatically (Brinkley 661).
1945年4月12日，罗斯福总统去世后，新任总统哈里·杜鲁门就苏联和约瑟夫·斯大林的领导层与政府“内部”人士和许多美国人达成一致，认为苏联不值得信任。他们被视为“根本不值得信任”和“可疑甚至令人厌恶”。到1945年底，一种新的美国外交政策正在缓慢发展，被称为遏制。这是一项旨在防止苏联扩张的政策，并被称为杜鲁门主义。最终，它减轻了苏联对土耳其的压力，并帮助土耳其政府击败了共产主义和遏制主义，这种遏制主义持续了40多年。遏制政策的另一个重要部分是马歇尔计划。1947年4月，国会批准了执行马歇尔计划的经济合作署。在三年内，它为欧洲国家（包括苏联）的经济重建提供了援助，并为西欧的经济重建创造了120多亿美元。到1950年底，工业生产增长到64%，共产主义衰落，美国恢复与他们贸易的机会急剧增加。
Although many Americans changed their opinions about isolationism to intervention regarding foreign policies, it remains a controversial topic. It has proven to have both negative and positive impacts on America and its citizens. Unfortunately, the attack on Pearl Harbor angered Americans to the point where they wanted immediate retaliation on Japan, which permanently erased isolationism from their minds. It is sad that it took such a horrific tragedy as this to sway the views/opinions from isolationism to intervention. In contrast, it is also a matter of whether it is beneficial or not favorable for America to remain “neutral”.
Works Cited 参考文献
Brinkley, Alan. “Chapter 25.” The Unfinished Nation, A Concise History of the American People. 8th ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: McGraw Hill Education, n.d. 613-619, 622-623, 625-626. Print. Ser. 2016.
Brinkley, Alan. “Chapter 26.” The Unfinished Nation, A Concise History of the American People. 8th ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: McGraw Hill Education, n.d. 643-651. Print. Ser. 2016.
Brinkley, Alan. “Chapter 27.” The Unfinished Nation, A Concise History of the American People. 8th ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: McGraw Hill Education, n.d. 658-665. Print. Ser. 2016.
Longley, Robert. “US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s and the Lend-Lease Act.” ThoughtCo, Sep. 26, 2018, thoughtco.com/us-neutrality-acts-of-the-1930s-and-the-lend-lease-act-4126414.
美国essay范文在最后提出尽管许多美国人改变了对孤立主义的看法，转而对外交政策进行干预，但这仍是一个有争议的话题。事实证明，它对美国及其公民既有消极影响，也有积极影响。不幸的是，对珍珠港的袭击激怒了美国人，他们希望立即对日本进行报复，这将永久消除他们心中的孤立主义。可悲的是，这样一场可怕的悲剧改变了人们从孤立主义到干预的观点/观点。相反，这也是一个美国保持“中立”是否有利的问题。本站提供各国各专业essay写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
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