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背景介绍
I. Introduction
对于我们熟悉的基本公共服务的概念，虽然目前的说活是有很多种的，但基本的本质是一样的。国内学者将公共服务的平均化定义为在保障成功实现国内居民的最大利益化，全国范围内的居民都能享用到基本相同的公共产品，政府间的转移付出是成功实现公共服务平均化的前提。而另外一部分人依据公共品需要的城乡差别，将公共品分为基础性公共品和差别性公共品，提出基础性公共品的平均化应依照公共品的数目和品质施行权衡，要求成功实现最后结果的平均；而差别性公共品平均化的判断标准应是作用的最大化。
Equalization of basal accessible casework on the analogue of calm advisers although altered method, but the basal abstraction is almost the same. Xu Poetry and ascertain the equalization of accessible casework to ensure the admission of civic affluence maximizing the adeptness of adeptness allocation and beneath the assumption of association above the country can adore the aforementioned basal accessible goods, intergovernmental transfers is to accomplish accessible annual equalization premise. According to urban-rural differences Hua accessible appurtenances demand, will be disconnected into basal accessible appurtenances and accessible appurtenances differences in accessible goods, proposed equalization of basal accessible appurtenances should be abstinent in accordance with the affluence and superior of accessible appurtenances adapted to accomplish adequation of results; The aberration amid accessible appurtenances equalization archetype should be to aerate the utility. Wang Lei believes equalization of accessible casework is a about abstraction and requirements, about refers to the adaptation of the assorted bounded governments to chase the standards and requirements of the country's accepted population, the accouterment of basal accessible appurtenances and services, according to the assay of bounded government budgetary decentralization should buck amount responsibilities. Equalization of accessible casework accurately refers to the akin of bounded government to accommodate bounded accessible security, the environment, burghal development, culture, education, health, anchorage and added accessible appurtenances are essentially equal. Jiang Ming Rong advised accessible appurtenances and accessible casework is in actuality a beggarly equalization of accessible casework is the government and its accessible affairs to accommodate non-discriminatory accessible appurtenances and accessible casework for altered absorption groups and altered sectors of the abridgement or of altered amusing classes, accurately including banking investment , cost-sharing, acquirement administration and added aspects. http://www.ukassignment.org/mgzydx/
Equalization of basal accessible casework on the route, the Li Hua and Wang Lei advocates should be accomplished through alteration payments and banking assets in adjustment to ensure adequation of equalization of accessible goods. The Ming Jiang Rong, Yang accomplished the appearance that, to accomplish equalization of accessible casework added achievable admission is the accomplishing of burghal and rural accessible annual accumulation arrangement in the chase the "law of Pareto improvement" and ensuring the capability of the complete akin of burghal association does not abate the apriorism of the allotment of the city-limits to actualize affluence for the accouterment of rural accessible goods, advance the accumulation of rural accessible appurtenances in general.
第二,均衡的基础生活环境调查协会
Second, the equalization of basal accessible casework association
Equalization of basal accessible casework due to basal differences in the accumulation of accessible services, the ambition is adequation of accessible annual consumption. Specifically, the equalization of basal accessible services, the acumen lies in the aberration amid the accumulation of, that country because of differences in budgetary accommodation of bounded government which led to the accumulation of basal accessible casework amid the country, both in agreement of affluence and superior are decidedly altered , causing association of altered regions aural the aforementioned country has to a altered affectionate of accessible annual burning affluence and quality, not alone affects the ambition to accomplish a fair, but not accessory to the adherence and development of society. According to the requirements of avant-garde accessible finance, accessible accounts but aswell the free finance, that is, altered humans aural the aforementioned country, behindhand of breadth they are, the bread-and-butter situation, whether to pay taxes for the state, the customer has the adapted to according admission to accessible services. Thus, the equalization of basal accessible annual requirements accept appear into being.
The columnist believes that the alleged equalization of basal accessible services, mainly refers to the government to accommodate basic, and ultimately almost according accessible casework accept altered standards for the accessible at altered stages. Thus, the equalization of basal accessible casework should cover the acceptation of the afterward three aspects: one is carefully affiliated to the accessible annual adequation and candor concept. It can be said, in the altered specific stages, altered compassionate of the abstraction of candor will advance to altered levels of the accumulation of accessible casework or altered content. But the accessible annual breadth I advised equalization equalization by no agency complete consumption, but to the customer the befalling (or right) of equalization. The columnist believes that the a lot of important antagonism in the bazaar is according fair starting point, that is a fair befalling to compete, so equalization actuality refers alone to consumers according befalling to accommodate accessible casework spending, but by no agency affirmed that every customer The complete boilerplate burning of accessible services. Second, in no way according to the boilerplate of equalization, but there are bounded differences in the basal agreement to acquiesce the country on an according everyman level. Considering the all-inclusive majority of basal accessible casework are added or beneath with a adapted alternative for a accurate region, so as to apparatus complete adequation nationally constant accumulation level, not alone can not accomplish able accumulation and burning of accessible services, and aswell actual calmly advance to a decay of resources, thereby abbreviation the adeptness of the absolute agreement of amusing resources. Third, the equalization of basal accessible casework is a activating process. Equalization of agreeable and standards are about humans with adeptness to accept changes in the fair and cold altitude change. To basal apprenticeship for example. In the aboriginal stages of feudal association and capitalism, amusing advancement is bigger now so common that humans will be added basal apprenticeship as a claimed annual of clandestine goods, individuals pay for the basal apprenticeship is as it should be something, so at this time Despite the government-run accessible apprenticeship institutions, but clandestine academy is still the boilerplate of society. However, with the connected development of amusing abridgement and the growing advancement of the population, the accent of basal apprenticeship is added credible that not alone can advance the individual's animal capital, but aswell to advance amusing development aswell has a actual important role, if humans accept basal apprenticeship as one of the basal accessible casework should be the primary accumulation and gradually requires adequation in government acceptance nationwide, compatible and even chargeless basal education. Thus, from the development of basal apprenticeship advance is simple to see the acceptation of the equalization of basal accessible casework dynamics.
第三,基础生活环境调查访问通道选择的均衡选择
Third, the equalization of basal accessible casework Aisle Selection
(A) Acquirement aisle - banking equalization
Taking into annual the capital acumen for the aberration in the accumulation of basal accessible casework throughout the budgetary alterity that ability, so by the college (or equivalent) to accord subsidies or government alteration payments, and banking assets to accomplish almost the aforementioned throughout, has become the equalization of basal accessible casework primary task, which is aswell the apple in absolute activity agency and agency a lot of frequently used. Through subsidies or alteration payments to accomplish the equalization of basal accessible services, mainly in the afterward two reasons: First, bounded banking asperity should not be an alibi for differences in the accumulation of basal accessible services. In avant-garde democracies, advance adequation of citizens is the boilerplate of amusing thought, the capital point of abandonment is that as a aborigine of a country (resident), by itself should adore the allowances brought by avant-garde affable society, and this can not adore absolute their own conditions. Therefore, aural a unified country beneath the apriorism of a unified tax system, acquirement accommodation will alter above altered allotment sources vary, basal accessible casework spending will alter above citizenry density, altered age structures vary, but it should not become an alibi for basal accessible casework and the affidavit for the differences. As a affiliate country, which has the adapted to adore the allowances of avant-garde acculturation brings. Therefore, in this case, the accompaniment about through vertical or accumbent alteration transaction system, to anemic revenue, accessible annual spending pressures above breadth to accord grants to financially able abundant to accept its breadth association almost the aforementioned akin with the civic assignment of basal accessible services. Second, the banking alteration transaction aswell can break the botheration of spillover of basal accessible services. Annual from the ambit of accessible casework is acceptable to annual above the bounded breadth and added surrounding areas, such as accouterment apprenticeship locally accomplished personnel, apparently by brief to his office, and the allowances of accessible casework to abide in the field; accession example, bounded accommodate allowances brought by the Accessible Bloom Service, is acceptable to annual the surrounding areas and so on. Such as abridgement of absorption advantage mechanism, the allowances out of the area, because it is difficult to access adapted advantage rather than abide to accept the assignment of bartering accessible services, consistent in differences in the accumulation of accessible services. And we all know, the bazaar for such externalities is powerless, if accustomed bounded governments adjourned solution, its transaction costs (as a admeasurement of the admeasurement of the alien costs, etc.) will absolutely be actual great, it may aftereffect in accident of efficiency. And by the college levels of government or the government to accord the aforementioned akin of alteration payments, again the botheration of externalities gives institutionalized solutions, appropriately accidental to the equalization of basal accessible casework supplied.
School Commune is a affection of the U.S. banking arrangement of basal education, the academy district's capital acquirement comes from acreage taxes levied on absolute acreage aural the administration of ①. But the academy commune is amenable for basal apprenticeship system, authoritative the akin of bounded bread-and-butter prosperity, affluence akin of acreage taxes anon determines the aberration amid the tax bases of anniversary academy commune basal education. Thus, in the 1950s and 1970s led to a accusation acme on apprenticeship accounts fair. Apprenticeship lawsuits accept resulted in the sky and a massive ameliorate of the apprenticeship costs system, the aftereffect of the ameliorate is to added analyze the affectionate of apprenticeship is a axiological adapted affirmed by the Constitution, the accompaniment government is gradually accretion the banking abutment of bounded people, abnormally for academy districts efforts. (See Table 1)
After Apple War II, the federal government aswell began to focus on the development of basal education. 1958 "National Defense Apprenticeship Act" and the 1965 "Elementary and Accessory Apprenticeship Act," so that federal banking aid for basal apprenticeship to accomplish a abundant bound forward, which aswell apparent the alpha of the federal budgetary massive allotment of basal apprenticeship of a new era. (See Figure 1)
Extensive captivation of the federal government afflicted the costs anatomy and arrangement of basal education, authoritative basal apprenticeship added from absolutely banking to bounded academy districts as the capital source, to bounded academy districts and accompaniment governments allotment albatross for basal education, up to the accepted federal, accompaniment and bounded academy commune levels to allotment the banking structure, banking institutions tend to advance basal education. As can be apparent from Figure 2, over time, federal allotment for basal education, added and added states gradually replaced become the capital provider of basal apprenticeship of local, state, and bounded aggregate added than 90% of the investment in basal education.
(B) amount aisle
For accessible annual adverse by a decentralized arrangement of accessible annual accumulation brings, in accession to the access in abode to ensure adequation of disposable money accumulation basal accessible casework than added achievable way is from the angle of agents expenditure, that is, from college levels of government or axial government Absolute unified supply.
France, for example. France's political arrangement has been awful centralized. However, the development of basal apprenticeship has gone through a centralized to a decentralized by the boilerplate in the action afterwards the aboriginal primary. 1881 and 1882, "Ferri Law" establishes three basal attempt of "free, compulsory, secular," the French-based education. 1886 "戈伯莱 Law" basically absitively afore the 1880s the boondocks had been broadly adopted in allegation of the state's basal apprenticeship subsidy accumulation system. This decentralized accumulation archetypal for the development of basal apprenticeship has acquired amazing difficulties. To break the botheration of the assay of teachers, 19 July 1889, France allowable laws acute all primary academy agents for the accompaniment civilian servants, their accomplishment from the state's banking burden, which auspiciously bound the botheration of accepted primary apprenticeship teachers, whose basal assumption has not changed. Afterwards Apple War II, the French accessory apprenticeship has been abundantly developed, Jan. 6, 1959, France allowable legislation to extend compulsatory apprenticeship to 10 years, in agreement of investment in compulsatory education, and gradually formed the accepted system, That academy is a French apprenticeship administration arrangement in the basal unit, acceptance to the boondocks elementary school, inferior top academy acceptance to the province, from acceptance to a ample academy district. Accomplishing of the assay of activity accumulation tasks allotment the accountability of axial and bounded government, axial government based accumulation arrangement (see Table 3).
(C) the political aisle
Equalization of basal accessible casework and political path, mainly refers to the equalization of basal accessible casework in a above breadth supplied by the bounded government consolidation. Decentralized accessible annual accumulation arrangement of bounded government played a flexible, quick advantage, ensuring the able accouterment of accessible services, but if too decentralized, again about-face to the added extreme. Back the breach of bounded governments about accept beneath households and population, not alone makes bounded governments await mainly on sources of assets - lower acreage taxes, consistent in abridgement of banking resources, but aswell makes a individual arena to accumulation the country with almost the aforementioned akin the almost top amount of accessible services, economies of calibration in accessible annual accouterment is difficult to play, consistent in inefficient accumulation of accessible services, austere decay of resources. Therefore, back the 1930s, for the equalization of basal accessible casework to ensure that and added reasons, the acceleration of Western countries alliance beachcomber of bounded governments. Alliance of bounded government equalization of accessible casework has played a actual important role.
A bounded government alliance advice break the botheration of differences in basal accessible services. In the decentralized archetypal breadth the accumulation of accessible services, bounded banking reasons, the aforementioned affectionate of accessible annual may be greater differences amid altered regions. This aberration of accessible casework will accordingly advance to annoyance of consumers or residents, they wish the government to yield able measures to accomplish adequation of accouterment of accessible services. Be alloyed government to break this botheration is a political solution. Beneath the alliance by the bounded government, the actuality of differences in altered locations of the accumulation of accessible casework into a unified framework for accessible annual provision, through a unified allotment mechanism, a unified accumulation mode, which helps to break the botheration of accessible annual differentiation.
2 bounded government broadcast the admeasurement of government accumulated to accomplish a all-embracing accumulation of accessible services, but aswell advice to ensure adequation of accouterment of accessible services. In general, bounded governments in Western countries, abnormally in rural grass-roots government, has a baby citizenry broadcast administration characteristics. With the development of industrialization, massive address of rural population, a austere curtailment of rural towns population. This calibration is too small, too baby a citizenry abject cachet became able accessible annual constraints, an equalization of accumulation bottlenecks. In fact, the accumulation of accessible casework with clandestine goods, as there is aswell a catechism of economies of scale. If the bounded government breadth of resources (such as population, households, etc.) can not scale, it is difficult to accept its accessible annual mission of according supply. Accordingly, the circumscribed bounded governments to aggrandize accessible casework to annual the citizenry abject will become a necessity.
U.S. academy commune is the basal assemblage of administration of accessible primary and accessory education. Historically, the academy commune is absolute of the government authoritative units, but now has become free bounded government level. Back states can actuate the admeasurement and amount of its own academy district, so the states academy districts of capricious sizes, the amount of altered quantities, but about speaking, afore the 1940s, the absolute amount of ample U.S. academy commune (see Table 4), administration of scattered, interdistrict, abnormally amid rural and burghal academy commune academy district, due to the altered sources of assets and a greater difference, and led to abounding cloister cases apropos the candor of education. Therefore, alpha in the 1930s, to accommodate apprenticeship resources, to accommodate according and able apprenticeship in the above context, the United States began the action of amalgamation academy districts.
State Government United States to animate academy commune alliance provides abounding absolute and abrogating incentives, such as, on the one hand, academy commune academy architecture and apprentice transportation, banking aid the accompaniment for, and to ask the academy commune for all academy barrio and accessories to the Accompaniment architecture and assurance standards and requirements of the academy class to accomplish accompaniment standards; on the added hand, if the academy commune did not yield adapted measures, they will be trapped in educational accessories do not accommodated accompaniment standards and the accident of allotment for apprenticeship grants situation.
Therefore, while beneath the burden of abounding cloister rulings, on the added duke the accompaniment government beneath the banking allurement allurement and punishment, academy commune alliance action abundantly accelerated rapidly abate the number, afterwards entering the 1970s gradually stabilized. By 2002 alone the actual 13,506, compared with 1932 decreased by 115,042, to abate the admeasurement of 89.50% faster, the acceleration of the academy commune consolidation, abbreviation the amount of large, top proportion, both say that it is actual alarming.
Conclusions
In this paper, basal education, for example, assay of the equalization of basal accessible casework and accomplish aisle connotation. The capital abstracts are as follows:
An equalization of basal accessible casework is that the government should accommodate basic, and ultimately almost according accessible casework accept altered standards for the accessible at altered stages. Inextricably affiliated with the abstraction of fairness, but not according to the boilerplate of, but aswell a abiding activating process.
2 equalization of basal accessible services, there are three paths to accept from. One is through the alteration of banking assets to accomplish equalization transaction (income path); additional is the aisle through college government spending or axial government absolute supply; absorb its three bounded governments can seek to accomplish in a added ambit of equalization (political path).
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