美国作业范文：美国未来的外包业务

美国作业范文：美国未来的外包业务

 

论文观点

 

外包是一种经济上的劣势，这使得美国经济长期处于竞争风险中。

 

摘要

 

离岸外包是一种日益盛行的现象，可以看作是国际自由贸易的另一种形式。外包概念来源于相对优势的概念，这说明个人、企业和国家在生产某种产品和服务方面都有一定的优势，因此必须集中精力生产这些产品。这种形式的贸易使国家能够专注于生产更窄的产品，从而使它们有更大的生产效率。虽然我们可以证明外包对短期经济增长有着积极的影响，但长期效应还不清楚，可能会被证明是有破坏性的。通过外包高技能工人的工作，知识不可避免地转移到发展中国家。这种溢出效应创造了集群的增长，在未来几年有能力与美国企业竞争。本文将重点放在美国把外包业务强加于业务成本，回报规模，美国教育，商业知识的后果。美国企业是否真的可以在长期的海外转移中节省资金？

 

简介

 

外包给美国的企业提供了有机的增长，使他们能够在全球市场上降低成本和更有效的竞争。虽然这种外包的扩散有利于短期增长，但也可能是在过去的一个世纪中，该国享有的竞争优势。通过改变规经济的历史模式，外包的无形后果和隐性成本将在未来几年对美国经济产生很大的影响。高新技术的竞争优势是风险，而溢出将使发展中国家直接与美国竞争。

 

许多经济学家认为外包是国际自由贸易的一种新形式。在过去，更多的商品是可交易的，而不是流通的，可以被看作是一件好事或坏事。

 

Outsourcing America's Future

 

Thesis Statement

 

Outsourcing is an economic disadvantage that puts the long-term competitiveness of the U.S. economy at risk.

 

摘要-Abstract

 

Offshore outsourcing is an increasingly popular phenomenon that can be viewed as another form of international free trade. The concept of outsourcing stems from the idea of comparative advantage which suggests that individuals, firms and nations are better at producing certain goods and services and thus must concentrate on producing those over others. This form of trade allows countries to specialize in producing narrower ranges of goods, thus giving them greater efficiencies of large-scale production. While we can prove that outsourcing has had a positive affect on short term economic growth, the long term effects are yet unknown and may prove destructive. By outsourcing jobs of highly skilled workers, knowledge is unavoidably transferred to developing economies. This spillover creates clusters of growth that have the capability of competing with U.S. corporations in future years. This paper will focus on the consequences outsourcing imposes on business costs, returns to scale, American education, and business knowledge. Will U.S. corporations really save money in the long run by transferring work overseas?

 

简介-Introduction

 

Outsourcing has provided organic growth to United States corporations and has enabled them to reduce costs and compete more effectively in global markets. While this proliferation of outsourcing has been beneficial to short term growth, it may also be dissolving the competitive advantage that the country has enjoyed in the past century. Through changing the historical model of economies of scale, the intangible consequences and hidden costs of outsourcing will weigh heavily on the U.S. economy in future years. The competitive advantage of high technology is at risk, and the spillover will enable developing countries to compete directly with the United States.

 

Many economists view outsourcing as simply a new form of international free trade. More commodities are tradable than were tradable in the past, which can be viewed as either a good or bad thing. The general assumption of the American public is that jobs, money, skills, and experience are being exported to foreign countries, and the people in these foreign countries are making financial, socio-economic and development progress while the U.S. economy is stagnated. Consumers are accustomed to the fact that manufactured goods are produced abroad and imported to the U.S., however now consumers must accept the fact that services are also being produced overseas. It appears that more and more U.S. companies are experimenting with outsourcing and offshoring their labor and services with the impression that they are lowering their operating costs. This experimentation has transformed the U.S. into a service oriented country with a trade deficit that continues to grow resulting in more jobs being lost instead of being created. The morale of U.S. workers has been destroyed and a sense of fear has been injected into many Americans, including our highly skilled professionals. Although unrealistic at this point in time, many believe the increase usage of outsourcing can contribute to the U.S. becoming a third world country. Are we jeopardizing our position in the world as a lead economic power?

 

The most notable outsourced divisions within a company have been customer support/call centers, accounting, human resources and manufacturing. In today's society there has been a greater threat imposed on the American technology industry, such as information technology and engineers. In addition, other highly skilled workers in R&D, pharmaceutical, and financial positions have been impacted as well. Our highly skilled workers are losing their jobs to companies overseas because of the lower labor costs incurred. As can be expected, most American workers are not too keen on the idea of outsourcing. For example, a software engineer at Microsoft is probably not likely to jump up and down at the thought of losing his job to a worker in India, who is willing to do the job for less than half the pay. By 2015, it is predicted that as many as 3.3 million white-collar jobs and $136 billion in wages will leave the U.S. In addition to employee dissatisfaction, several other risks occur as a result of outsourcing that effect the overall economy.

 

什么是外包业务-Why Outsource?

 

Outsourcing often refers to the delegation of non-core operations or jobs from internal production to an external entity specializing in the management of that operation. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labor, capital, technology and resources. Though often used interchangeably, outsourcing differs from offshoring in that outsourcing is relative to the restructuring of the firm while offshoring is relative to the nation. Fundamentally, outsourcing is a term relative to the organization of labor within and between societies. Offshoring, also known as international outsourcing, can occur when a segment of a nationally located production process gets moved offshore - perhaps still under the control of a national firm, or sold off to a different firm operating overseas. These concepts have become a popular trend among many U.S. companies and at times raise controversial debates.

 

The single most important tactical reason for outsourcing is to reduce or control operating costs and increase profits. Access to an outside provider's lower cost structure is one of the most compelling short-term benefits of outsourcing. Developing nations offer the talents of a college-educated workforce at a fraction of U.S. salaries. Partnering with an organization with world-class capabilities can offer access to new technology, tools and techniques that the organization may not currently possess; more structured methodologies, procedures and documentation, and a competitive advantage through expanded skills. Competing corporations are outsourcing operations offshore to have the cost advantages over the market and to free up management resources. Although outsourcing has achieved cost savings and has been used to enter key foreign markets, these benefits may not outweigh the long-term impacts on U.S. industries and the economy.

 

Economies of Scale

 

When countries trade with each other one of their main goals is to achieve economies of scale in production. Instead of the U.S. trying to produce everything domestically they may decide to specialize in producing only certain types of goods or services at a larger scale with the intent to lower costs. The U.S. will export those goods which formulate a comparative advantage and import (outsource) those goods with lower labor costs. The basic formula associated with economies of scale is:

 

Where AC is the average cost per unit produced, F is fixed costs, Q is the number of units produced, and c is the marginal cost per unit. The fixed costs represent the overhead that is independent of production, usually including rent, utilities, some personnel, etc. The marginal cost, c, accounts for all costs accrued during the manufacture of a single unit, usually including raw material, labor, etc. Labor may account for a significant portion of the marginal costs, and as such, companies seek to reduce this expenditure. By moving operations overseas, the firm may be able to employ cheaper labor and reduce marginal costs per unit produced. Property, infrastructure, and even taxes may cost less overseas and provide incentive for outsourcing operations. We can easily account for these tangible cost savings by using the economies of scale equation. It is more difficult to account for the intangible effects as the equation does not take into account the hidden costs associated with outsourcing.

 

The fixed costs associated with outsourcing likely account for the network necessary to transfer product and knowledge between the outsourced locations and outsourcing firm. These costs are likely very tangible and can be balanced using the economies of scale equation. It is more difficult to account for the costs associated with the destruction of competitive advantage, the skills of the American workforce and the intangible effects on the economy.

 

Outsourcing our Knowledge

 

The United States tends to have a comparative advantage in industries with highly skilled labor and capital requirements. These highly skilled workers possess a strong knowledge base which contributes to the U.S. having a leading edge in the economy. Several corporations have taken advantage of lowering their costs by outsourcing these jobs to suppliers overseas, enabling them to concentrate solely on their core competencies. This shuffling may appear to reduce costs and improve efficiency, but it also distributes knowledge and facilitates international spillovers. The economies that receive the spillover benefit from the influx of knowledge and are able to use it to advance their own economy. "If you rely too much on people in other companies and countries…you are outsourcing your brains where you are making all the innovation." As a result, the competitiveness of the U.S. technology industry is placed at risk as the competitive advantage associated with this work has been lost from U.S. control. Further, the U.S. is forced to compete directly with developing countries in an area that was previously monopolized.

 

Aerospace manufacturers, such as Boeing, have followed this model by reducing their costs through outsourcing subassemblies (such as engines and structures). Their attention is then directed to core competencies of design, assembling and marketing aircraft. While this structure has reduced Boeing's operating costs, it has created the new problem of knowledge management as concerns have arisen about whether or not technological expertise will be lost. "In the aerospace business, that means the partners in other countries now building the components may one day be building the whole jet themselves, thanks to the technology, training and contracts Boeing has provided." To combat this inevitability, the supply chain must now manage the knowledge that is exported to suppliers. While Boeing actively mitigates for this spillover, it is impossible to expect that all intellectual property associated with their work is protected.

 

Skills associated with aerospace construction, such as High Precision Machining, have been developed in areas where the work is produced. These skills may be regarded as intangible by the outsourcer, but they provide an area of expertise that a developing country can leverage to create new products domestically. These new products may not immediately compete with corporations such as Boeing, but they likely will in the long term. As such, the competitive advantage associated with outsourced products is put in jeopardy and the knowledge once controlled by domestic production is lost. This phenomenon is a direct consequence of outsourcing and could be eliminated through industrial clustering, as seen in Silicon Valley.

 

Many economists would argue that companies could benefit more if they formed industrial clusters, similar to computer chip manufacturers in Silicon Valley. Clusters are groups of inter-related industries that drive wealth creation in a region, primarily through exports of goods and services. As a result of these clusters, external economies of scale occur within the industry which increases efficiency. Forming these clusters would eliminate knowledge spillovers in foreign countries, which would allow the U.S. to maintain their competitive advantage in the global economy. If a company chooses to outsource they are risking the chance of compromising company practices due to transferring this knowledge. "Each time we transfer knowledge bases overseas, whether it be manufacturing or technology or research, that is a service that will obviously be performed by a competing economy. And it is work that will not be done by the U.S. economy and our workers. The result is - it could grow to an increasingly larger share of the trade-deficit problem -- the result is further pressure on the U.S. economy." Highly skilled jobs should remain in the United States to avoid costs associated with the loss of technological expertise.

 

To eliminate the urge to outsource highly skilled jobs overseas, companies can incorporate labor market pools. According to Krugman, when external economies of scale exist within an industry they can create a pooled market of workers with highly specialized skills. This market is advantageous for the industry and the workers because it maintains a constant supply of knowledgeable workers and lowers the risk of unemployment within that region. This pool enables companies to leverage their expertise and resources and omit the possibility of international spillovers. By being in close proximity with each other, these companies can easily trade knowledge and new ideas amongst themselves, thus increasing productivity. Although a foreign country may be able to produce goods more cheaply (as seen below), these U.S. clusters maintain a competitive advantage within the economy through inter-industry trade. Localized knowledge spillovers are cheaper because they eliminate transportation costs and result in increasing returns to scale within the industry.

 

In addition to international knowledge spillovers, another long-term affect that poses a threat to the American economy is the lack of local talent available to utilize. The outsourcing trend has affected college enrollment because of the uncertainty that now exists with outsourcing skilled jobs.

 

美国破坏性教育-Disrupting Education in America

 

The fear of outsourcing is striking a chord with America's future employees. Recently, the education system has seen shifts in college enrollment, as college students have begun to shun high-tech fields like computer science and even engineering. With the lack of stability in these fields students are concerned that their jobs could eventually be outsourced internationally and are therefore deciding to focus on their business skills. The war for talent is at its fiercest in high-tech industries which poses a threat to the future of the American technology industry and the overall economy. American companies may be forced to consider outsourcing not only to save costs, but due to lack of local talent. Studies have shown that the proportion of incoming undergraduates planning to major in computer science is now 70% below its peak in the early 1980s. Companies are continuing to ship IT operations to developing countries such as India and China, capitalizing on high-grade workers with local knowledge. These other countries are investing heavily in education and training in order to attract and retain the best talent and to help maintain a competitive edge in the economy. "Every year India produces around 2.5 million university graduates, including 400,000 engineers and 200,000 IT professionals. It is estimated that India has 28% of the world's IT offshore talent. The cost of an Indian graduate is roughly 12% of that of an American one." These are just a few of the advantages that India brings to the market, which is why the outsourcing boom continues to grow. Why are students going to major in these fields with the assumption that their jobs could be sent overseas to save a buck?

 

The figure below shows the software and computer services sector, where many young college graduates found employment over the last decade. This sector is particularly relevant to the offshoring debate and its net job losses were particularly steep in the last recession. Even today, employment remains well beneath its pre-recession peak, even as software investment has fully recovered.

 

Outsourcing appears to work contrary to the claim that free trade will create better jobs in the U.S. These better jobs, which are usually high-tech, white collar jobs, are now being transferred to foreign countries which limit opportunities for highly educated Americans. The U.S focuses so much attention on higher education yet people cannot put their skills or talent to use if their job is outsourced. "When manufacturing jobs started moving overseas in larger numbers, American workers were told by free trade ideologues not to worry, that the U.S. comparative advantage was in services-especially high-tech and other knowledge-based industries. Displaced workers were told to simply acquire better skills and more education in order to succeed in the changing American economy. Many workers did, but now they find that knowledge and talent can't compete against the chase for higher profits and cheaper labor in the new global marketplace." If Americans decide not to invest in their education, companies will mitigate their chances of sustaining a strong knowledge-base within the U.S. and induce the risk of international spillovers.

 

不断升级的贸易赤字-The Escalating Trade Deficit

 

The increasing trade deficit has a long-term effect on the economic growth of the U.S. It somewhat reflects on the relative strength of America's economy and shows that we continue to consume more than we produce. The U.S. cannot close its trade deficit if its economy continues to be moved offshore. Outsourcing may have a minimal affect on the trade deficit, however it still contributes to the U.S. exporting fewer goods and services. When jobs are outsourced, the result is the destruction of an American job. Goods and services produced in the U.S. (exports) are now being outsourced overseas and imported back to the U.S., thus increasing the trade deficit. The figure below depicts the annual trade deficit that started to compile in the early 1980s. Outsourcing reduces the purchasing power of workers and reduces their presence in the consumer market. When unemployment occurs as a result of outsourcing, these consumers do little to help stimulate the economy. Keeping jobs in the U.S. may minimally impact the deficit, but it can help contribute to strengthening the overall economy.

 

结论-Conclusion

 

Outsourcing has transformed the ways in which nations interact. Corporations have fragmented their operations internationally in order to concentrate exclusively on their core competencies. Short-term benefits, such as cost savings were identified, however several intangible consequences and hidden costs were overlooked that will have an effect on the U.S. economy in the subsequent years ahead. There is still a lot we do not know about outsourcing, largely because the available data does not provide information needed to fully understand its magnitude, the reasons behind it, and the actual effects it has on the economy. However, there is still substantial information that can be examined to analyze the long-term consequences that will alter our economic status. The sudden increase in outsourcing highly skilled professional jobs may be suspending our position in the world as a lead economic power. Companies must realize that their strategic advantages will thrive based on maximizing their knowledge-base, which is achieved through employing highly educated U.S. workers.

 

References

 

McCarthy, John P. Forrester Research. 2002.

Wikipedia. .

Kallender, Paul. "Gates Warns Against Reliance on Outsourcing." InfoWorld. 29 July 2005. .

Jorge, Niosi & Majlinda, Zhequ. "Aerospace Clusters: Local or Global Knowledge Spillovers?" March 2005. .

Virgin, Bill. "Global Economy Complicates Outsourcing." Seattlepi.com. 24 January 2006. .

Bureau of Economic Analysis and Bureau of Labor Statistics. .

Fleischer, Jeff. "Exporting America: An Interview with Lou Dobbs." MotherJones. 7 February 2005. .

Economic Research Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. .

Krugman, Paul R. & Obstfeld, Maurice. "International Economics Theory & Policy (7th Edition)." (p. 137). Pearson Addison Wesley.

"The Battle for Brainpower." The Economist. 07 October 2006.

Bivens, Josh L. "EPI Issue Guide: Offshoring." Economic Policy Institute. 31 May 2006. .