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Authors of different titles
不同职称的作者
Direct citation:
直接引用
Cite both names, and follow name with the year of publication in parentheses.
• Hollensen (2004) and Palmer (2008) are in agreement about the importance of service led marketing.
Indirect citation:
间接引用
Cite both names at the end of the sent ence, with author’s name, followed by date of publication, and separated by a semi-colon in parentheses.
• Service led marketing should form an important part of an organisation’s overall marketing strategy (Hollensen 2004; Palmer 2008).
Several works by a single author (in different years)
由一个作家的几部作品（不同年份）
If more than one publication by a particu lar author illustrates your point, and these are published in differ ent years, you should cite the references in chronological order.
Direct citation:
• Handy (1999, 2001) argues that…
Indirect citation:
Place at end of sent ence within parentheses
• (Handy 1999, 2001)
Several works by a single author (in the same year)
由一个作家的几部作品（同一年）
When the same author has published more than one cited document within the same year, lower case letters should be used to differentiate each document.
当同一作者已发表在同一年之内的一个以上的引用文件，应使用小写字母来区分各个文档。
• Mintzberg (1973a) took a new approach to the concept of leadership… Mintzberg (1973b) speculated furt her on the manager’s leadership role…
If you wish to refer to the works on a singl e occasion, or if the same point is made by both publications, then refer to both within parentheses by using lower case letters.
• Mintzberg (1973a, b) summarised eight current schools of thought on the different roles of the manager.
Author of a chapter within an edited text
一篇编辑文本内的章节作者
If the author’s work appears as a chapter within part of a larger work that is edited by somebody else (quite comm on with academic textbooks), use the author of the chapter for the citation within your text. You will however, need to provide the full bibliographic details in your list of references.
如果作者的工作出现的一章内的一个较大的工作，编辑由他人（相当与学术教科书通讯）的一部分，使用本章内引用你的文字作者。不过，您将需要提供完整的书目细节在你的列表的引用。
• Lane (1996) argues that there are distinctive national patterns in the organisation of firms and inter-firm relations.
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Corporate authors
集体作者
If the work is by a recognised organisation, and has no personal author, then use the organisation’s name for the citation.
• It has been suggested that the proposed grocery market reforms might have a detrimental effect on competition within the industry (British Retail Consortium 2008).
N.B. It is acceptable to use st andard abbreviations for associations, companies, institutions, within your text, providing that the full name is given at the first citation with the abbreviation in parentheses.
• Citation 1: (Manchester Business School [MBS] 2008).
• Citation 2: (MBS 2008).
No author
没有作者
If you cannot identify the author of a document (quite common with online sources) then you can use “Anon” to identify the author. You should also provide the title of the document (in italics), and the date of publication.
• Marketing strategy (Anon 2001)
No date
没有日期
The abbreviation “n.d.” should be used if you cannot identify a date of publication.
Direct citation:
• Cosgrove (n.d.) states that tota l sales measures are often used to assess overall trends within the retail sector.
No date continued, Indirect citation:
• Total sales measure is used to assess market level trends in retail sales (Cosgrove n.d.)
Citing secondary sources
If you have read about a particular author ’s work, but have been unable to consult the actual work (the primary source) directly, then you need to acknowledge this.
Direct citation:
• Sabel (1993 cited in Kristensen 1996) argues that Japan has been successful in creating a hierarchy of careers amongst subcontractors.
Indirect citation:
• It can be argued that the organizing abi lities of the manufacturing concern in Japan, have succeeded in creating a hierarchy of careers among their subcontractors (Sabel 1993 cited in Kristensen 1996).
• Sabel’s 1993 article argues that Japan has been successful in creating a hierarchy of careers amongst subcontractors (Kristensen 1996, p.87).
How to quote portions of a published text
If you want to include a direct statement from a published work, then the sentence(s) must be included within quotat ion marks. It is also good practice to include the page number, so that the quotation can be easily located if necessary.
•Hirst and Thompson (1999, p.1) feel that “domestic strategies of national economic management are increasingly irrelevant”.
If the quotation runs to several lines, then you should indent it. This clearly identifies the quotation as somebody else’s work.
• Kotler et al (2005, p.11) provide a clear definition of the product concept:
”The product concept holds that cons umers will favour products that offer the most quality, performanc e and innovation features, and that an organisation should thus devote energy to making continuous product improvements”.
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