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Creating the list of references and bibliography
创建参考文献和参考书目列表
Introduction
介绍
The list of references enables readers to easily trace the sources cited within your work. It is a list of the documents from which direct quotations, or examples have been taken.
引用列表，让读者方便地跟踪你的工作范围内引用的来源。这是一个列表文件已采取直接报价，或例子。
N.B. A bibliography (where you give credit to sources that were used for background reading, but were not quoted wit hin the body of the text), is NOT required according to the University of Manchester’s (2008) guidelines.
Your list of references (and bibliography if you choose to provide one) should be arranged alphabetically by author and t hen, where necessary, by year of publication.
您的引用列表（如果您选择提供一个和参考书目），应当按字母顺序排列由作者和t母鸡，在必要的情况下，出版年份。
Different types of publication require different amounts of information. The Harvard system lays down standards for the amount of information required for each document type. These are detailed in the section below:
Books (single author)
书籍（单一作者）
• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses, followed by full stop.
• Title: Full title in italics. Only the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized. Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: Follows a colon at the end of t he full title. Only proper nouns should be capitalized. Followed by a full stop.
• Edition: Only include if it is not a first edition. Use the number followed by “ed.”
• Place of publication: Give town or city, and c ountry if there is possible confusion with the UK. Follow with a colon
• Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.
Examples
举例
• Boatright, J. (2006). Ethics and the conduct of business. 5th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Cameron, S. (2008). The business student’s handbook: learning skills for study and employment . 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Books (2, 3 or 4 authors)
For books with two, three or four authors of equal status the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Always use “and”, or always use an ampersand (&), to link the last two authors.
Required elements:
必备要素
• Authors, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition (if not 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
N.B. If two authors use “and” to link the authors, if more than two use commas, followed by “and” to link the final two authors.
Examples:
• Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. (1999). Globalization in question . 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstrong, G. (2005). Principles of marketing: European edition . 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Books (more than 4 authors)
书籍（四个作者以上）
Use the first author only with surname and initials followed by “et al ”. Required elements:
• Author, Initial(s). et al . (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition (if not 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
• Georghiou, L. et al . (2008). The handbook of technology foresight . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Books which are edited
For books that are edited, give the edito r(s) surname(s) and initial(s), followed by “ed.” or “eds.”
Required elements:
• Author(s), Initial(s). ed(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition (if not 1st edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
• Whitley, R. and Kristensen, P.H. eds. (1996). The changing European firm: limits to convergence . London: Routledge.
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