|
本文以建议(proposal)的形式对留学生论文参考文献的写作做了一些指引，如何写留学生论文的Referencing格式？留学生论文Referencing的哈佛格式，APA格式有何区别？请参考留学作业网相关参考文献写作信息。Referencing Manual
1. Introduction ............................................................................................3
2. Referencing system in use atGIHE..............................................................4
2.1 The three golden rules for referencing..............................................................................4
2.2 Use of Microfost Word 2007 for doing references ...........................................4
3. Referencing in text ...........................................................................................4
3.1 Citations and quotes..................................................................................4
3.2 General rules for referencing in text ......................................................................................5
3.2.1 One author ............................................................................ 5
3.2.2 Two authors ............................................................. 6
3.2.3 More than two authors ................................... 7
3.2.4 Author is not named............................................... 7
3.2.5 Several works of the same author ............................. 8
3.2.6 Same work quoted or cited several times sequentially ................ 8
3.2.7 Work quoted in somebody else’s work. How to do it? .................................. 9
3.2.8 Internet...................................... 9
4. The References at the end ....................................................9
4.1 A list of references is not a bibliography.................................................9
4.2 Referencing a book ...........................................9
4.2.1 One author ........................................................10
4.2.2 Two or more authors......................10
4.2.3 Author is an organisation.....................10
4.3 Referencing a chapter or a contribution in a book........................10
4.3.1 One author .......................................10
4.3.2 Two or more authors.................10
4.4 Referencing journal and magazine articles .............................11
4.4.1 What’s the difference between a journal and a magazine? .............11
4.4.2 Referencing a journal article....................11
4.4.2.1 One author .................................................12
4.4.2.2 Two or more authors............................................12
4.4.2.3 Volume and issues.................12
4.4.3 Referencing a magazine or newspaper article...........12
4.4.3.1 One author .....................................................................12#p#分页标题#e#
4.4.3.2 Two or more authors......................................
4.6.1 Interview.........................................................................
4.6.2 Video/DVD..............................................................................................................13
4.6.2.1 One authOrganisation.............................................................................................................14
4.7 Work quoted in somebody else’s work. How to do it?..........................................................................14
4.8 Internet ..........................................................................................................................14
4.8.1 Evaluation and authorship ....................................................................................................................14
4.8.2 Author is a company, an institution, an organization or an association................................................15
4.8.3 PDF documents (not found in a database) ......................................................................15
4.8.4 Online Reports (Mintel, Euromonitor) .........................................................................15
4.8.5 Online Encyclopedia.....................................................................................................15
4.8.6 Images and graphs ...............................................................................................................................15
4.9 Referencing articles found on Ebsco, Proquest, Emerald and similar databases ....................................15
5. Layout of the list ............................................................................................................................ 17
6. Frequently asked questions............................................................................................................. 18
7. References............................................................................................. 19
8. Table with examples ........................................................................................................... 20
3 2009.2
1. Introduction
When you write any piece of academic work you should refer to the work of others. You will never
be the first to write on a given topic, and therefore you must always attribute ideas gained fromother authors, in order to avoid plagiarism.
The correct way to incorporate the work of others into your own arguments is by referencing. Inorder to do this, you must indicate in your text where you have incorporated another author'sideas, then list details of his/her publication in alphabetical order with all the other references youhave used at the end of your work.Please note that failure to acknowledge your sourcesappropriately will be regarded as plagiarism.Plagiarism is ‘the stealing of thoughts or writings of others
and giving them out as your own’ (Oxford, 2000: 961).There is a formal procedure whereby suspectedplagiarism is investigated and a negative outcome willresult in a mark of zero. It is your responsibility to readthese guidelines and familiarise yourself with theappropriate way to reference work.Before you begin, it is worthwhile noting the differences between a “Reference" section and a"Bibliography". Both of these can be used at the end of a text, and sometimes the two wordsare used synonymously, but there is an important difference.#p#分页标题#e#
A list of references shows precisely where the reader canfind the literature items that you have referred to in thetext.A bibliography is just a list of books, articles and papers that
form background reading, or further reading, and the itemsshown in a bibliography section do not need to be cited inthe text.Bibliographies are generally found at the end of textbooks or non-academic books. They are notappropriate in student work, and therefore you have to use a "Reference" section, not aBibliography" at the end of your text.Please be aware that in the Microsoft Word 7 system the term bibliography is used for referencelist.
4 2009.2
2. Referencing system in use at GIHE
The agreed standard style of referencing for Glion is Harvard referencing system. However,"Harvard" can vary slightly from publication to publication. These notes set out the specific styleyou should use at Glion.
2.1 The three golden rules for referencing
1. Your reader must always be able to find the exact item to which you are referring:literature, videotape, Internet etc.
2. You must be sure you have obeyed the copyright laws, by attributing direct quotes, tablesand figures properly and precisely to their original author.
3. You must give your references precisely and consistently, both in your text and in thereference list at the end of your work.
2.2 Use of Microsoft Word 2007 for doing referencesMicrosoft Word for Windows 2007 includes an automatic reference feature. Students who wish to
make use of this feature are required to use the APA (American Psychological Association)referencing style from the drop down menu which is the closest to the Harvard style, in terms ofwriting style and in text referencing. Once the APA style has been adopted, it must be usedconsistently throughout your work. Please be aware that in the Microsoft Word 7 system the
term bibliography is used for reference list.
3. Referencing in text
3.1 Citations and quotes
Two things need to be referenced: citations and quotes.
A citation is where you just mention a paper that supportsyour own statements or arguments.
A quote is where you take the exact words of another author
and use them in your own text.For a citation you must put the author’s name, plus the date of the publication in which the idea
appeared, next to the idea or argument you want to support.For example I want to say that referencing is very important for all academic work. I can support itwith a reference (Gibaldi, 2003) that acknowledges that this is not just my idea.
You can also quote this source, but then you have to give the page number on which the quotecan be found, as well as the author’s name and the date (for a text, a diagram or a table). Pleasenote that quoted words should appear in italics and in quotation marks.
5 2009.2For example you might want to use the words “referencing is essential to avoid the suspicion of#p#分页标题#e#
plagiarism” (Gibaldi, 2003: 23). The number 23 refers to the page.If a page number is not available (for example for a website) then you need to give the nearestequivalent e.g. section heading, or ‘homepage’.
For example, you might want to use the following sentences (Charles Sturt University, 2007:“Referencing your assignments”): “Referencing is essential not only to avoid plagiarism but alsoto ensure you gain maximum marks for your assignments.”There are two situations when you must give the specific page of areference in your text. These are:
• if you quote an author directly, word for word,
• if you reproduce a table, diagram or an illustration directly
from another author’s work,
3.1.1 Figure
If you use a table or a picture, diagram, photo or figure in your text, this must be treated exactlythe same as a quote, including the page number. Everything you use in the text must appear infull in the references section, and everything in the references section must have been usedsomewhere in the text.
The reason for these rules is that text, tables and illustrations are copyright. You have permissionto reproduce small items as long as you attribute them to the original author. However, if you wishto copy longer passages you have to get the original author’s written permission as well asacknowledging him in your text.
3.2 General rules for referencing in text
3.2.1 One author
Citation
Total quality management is widely used in service organisations (Oakland, 1989).
OROakland (1989) notes that total quality management is widely used in serviceorganisations.
6 2009.2
Quote
According to Oakland (1989: 103): “Total quality management is a vital tool forassuring the satisfaction of customers in banks, retail outlets and hospitals”.
OR
It is said that “Total quality management is a vital tool for assuring the satisfactionof customers in banks, retail outlets and hospitals” (Oakland, 1989: 103).
OR
According to Johnston (1994: 50) operations management has:
…”not only developed theoretically, but also tends more and more
to stress the importance of strategic awareness, especially since
1990”.
3.2.2 Two authors
Use the word "and" between authors, NOT "&".
(Smith and Jones, 1968) NOT (Smith & Jones, 1968)
Citation
Hospitality marketing is most important for the good wealth of a company (Smithand Jones, 1968)
OR
Smith and Jones (1968) note that hospitality marketing is a very important field.
QuoteSmith and Jones (1968: 35) say hospitality marketing is the "key to sales"
ORHospitality marketing is the "key to sales" (Smith and Jones, 1968: 35)
7 2009.2
3.2.3 More than two authors
If there are more than two authors, only the first should begiven, followed by "et al." (= et alli, “and others”)Watkins et al. (1986)#p#分页标题#e#
NOT
Watkins, McNamara, Tristan and Isolde (1986)
CitationFor tourists, choosing a destination has much to do with activities (Watkins et al.,
1986)ORet al. (1986) argue that activities are very important to understand the tourists’decision making.
QuoteWatkins et al. (1986: 122) say activities are the “critical link between touristmotivation and destination choice”.
OR
Activities are seen as the “critical link between tourist motivation and destinationchoice” (Watkins et al., 1986: 122)
3.2.4 Author is not named
If the author is not named, use the name of theorganisation responsible for the document.
If neither the author nor the organisation is available, forexample in a newspaper article, use “Anon.”, which is theabbreviation of “Anonymous”.However, it is bad practice to reference your text with alarge number of anonymous articles.
8 2009.2
CitationThe green tourism market is growing very fast in Scotland (Scottish Tourist Board,
2001)
ORManaging a cleaning operation in a hotel is complex because of all the items that needdusting, polishing and so on (Anon., 2002).
Quote
According to the Scottish Tourist Board (2001: 5), “the environment is one of the most
important resources to the Scottish tourism industry”.
OR
Concerning management, “For more than fifty years, it has been subjected to the
ministrations of a growing corps of industrial psychologists, sociologists, and
anthropologists” (Anon., 1998: 125).
3.2.5 Several works of the same author
If an author has several works all appearing in the same
year, use letters to indicate which is which.
Smith and Jones (1979a)
Smith and Jones (1979b)
Smith and Jones (1979c)
The letters must be repeated in the Referencing List as
well.
If several works by one author are quoted, all appearing
in different years, arrange dates in sequence.
Smith and Jones (1968, 1972, 1988)
3.2.6 Same work quoted or cited several times sequentially
Rather than referring to the same book or article over
and over, use "ibid." (“in the same place”) providing
they are sequential in the text.
(Smith and Jones, 1968) → first time
(ibid.) → second time and subsequently, e.g.
9 2009.2
Denmark has a population of just over 5 million, of whom around 1.2 million live in
greater Copenhagen (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007)
OR
The Central Intelligence Agency (2007) notes that the population of Denmark is just over
5 million, of whom about one quarter lives in Greater Copenhagen
The Central Intelligence Agency (2007: “Denmark”) notes that “About one-quarter of the
population lives in greater Copenhagen”.
3.2.7 Work quoted in somebody else’s work. How to do it?#p#分页标题#e#
Do it like in the following example:
According Wales (Strategies for Cats, 1990) 'the normative expectation is null' (cited in
Johnson, 2007: 79).
3.2.8 Internet
Citation
Quote
In this case “Denmark” is the page where the quote can be found.
4. The References at the end
4.1 A list of references is not a bibliography
At the end of your text you must put a list of all the books, journal articles, web pages, etc. you
have used, in alphabetical order by author. You should not use bullet points or numbering.
4.2 Referencing a book
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author surname, Author initial(s). (followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.) if
editor) (Date) Title (edition). Publication place: Publisher.
Examples
Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Fyall, A. and Wanhill, S. (2005) Tourism:
principles and practice (3rd edition). Harlow: Pearson Education.
Tomlinson, A. and Young, C. (Eds.) (2006) National identity and global sports
events: culture, politics, and spectacle in the Olympics and the football World
Cup. Albany: State University of New York Press.
10 2009.2
4.2.1 One author
Schmidgall, R. S. (2006) Hospitality industry managerial accounting (6th edition). Lansing:
Educational Institute of the American Hotel & Lodging Association.
4.2.2 Two or more authors
Halliday, J. and Johnson, H. (1992) The art and science of wine. London: Mitchell Beazley.
Bowdin, G. A. J., Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R. and McDonnell, I. (2006) Events management
(2nd edition). Amsterdam : Elsevier.
4.2.3 Author is an organisation
World Tourism Organization (2004) Compendium of tourism statistics 1998 – 2002. Madrid:
World Tourism Organization.
4.3 Referencing a chapter or a contribution in a book
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Article title. In Initials, Surname
of authors or editors of publication (followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.)
if editor) Book main title. Place of publication: publisher's
name: Page X – page Y.
Example
Hudson, S. (2004) Winter sport tourism in North America. In B. W.
Ritchie and D. Adair (Eds.) Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts
and Issues. Clevedon: Channel View Publications: 77-100.
4.3.1 One author
Collier, M. J. (2006) Cultural identity and intercultural communication. In L. A. Samovar, R. E.
Porter and E. R. McDaniel. Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Belmont: Thomson
Wadsworth: 53-60.
4.3.2 Two or more authors
Ball, S. and Johnson, K. (2000) Humour in commercial hospitality settings. In C. Lashley and A.
Morrison (Eds.) In Search of Hospitality: Theoretical Perspectives and Debates. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann: 198-216.
11 2009.2
4.4 Referencing journal and magazine articles#p#分页标题#e#
4.4.1 What’s the difference between a journal and a magazine?
Academic journal Magazine
• A journal reports scholarly, often original research conducted by professionals or experts
in a given discipline. Journal articles are often long, complex, and can be challenging
reading for those unfamiliar with the field of study. They will include abstracts
(summaries), footnotes, and bibliographies.
EXAMPLES: Harvard Business Review, Tourism Management, Journal of Transport
Economics and Policy, etc.
• A magazine provides general information and entertaining reading to a wide audience.
Magazines cover current news and general interest topics. Magazine articles are usually
short and easy to comprehend by the general public. They rarely cite sources or include
bibliographies.
EXAMPLES: Wine Spectator, The Economist, Travel Trade Gazette, Time, etc.
4.4.2 Referencing a journal article
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Article title. Journal Title.
Volume(Issue): Page X – page Y.
Example
Marshall, D. W. (1993) Appropriate meal occasions: understanding
conventions and exploring situational influences on food choice. The
International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research.
3(3): 279-301.
12 2009.2
4.4.2.1 One author
Johnston, R. (1994) Operations: from factory to service management. International Journal of
Service Industry Management. 5(1): 49-63.
4.4.2.2 Two or more authors
Sigala, M. and Baum, T. (2003) Trends and issues in tourism and hospitality higher education:
visioning the future. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 4(4): 367-376.
4.4.2.3 Volume and issues
Volume and issues are presented like this:
37(4)
NOT
Vol. 37, issue 4
A new volume of a journal usually comes out every year, so the volume number generally
indicates the number of years since the journal was first published. The number of issues varies
with the journal.
4.4.3 Referencing a magazine or newspaper article
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year, Date) Article title. Journal Title,
Page X – page Y.
Example
Raffael, M. (1997, February 27) Welcome to the gastrodome. Caterer
and Hotelkeeper, 32-36.
4.4.3.1 One author
Edmundson, G. (2005, July 25 – August 1) Detroit East: Eastern Europe is becoming the world’s
newest car capital. Business Week, 46-53.
Gates, E. (1995, February) Managing to avoid violence. Health & Safety at Work, 40-42.
4.4.3.2 Two or more authors
Cox, A. and Harper, C. (2006, April 24) Goldman’s growing appetite for takeovers raises
eyebrows. International Herald Tribune, 15.
13 2009.2
4.5 Dissertation / Independent Research Study (IRS)#p#分页标题#e#
Wiethoff, B. (2003) A comparative study of national culture and preferred leadership styles in east
and west Germany. Undergraduate Dissertation. Bulle: Glion Institute of Higher Education.
Macia, N. (2007) A research study of country branding : a case study of Colombia. Independent
Research Study. Bulle: Glion Institute of Higher Education.
4.6 Referencing non-literature sources
It is also possible (and, increasingly necessary) to use non-literature references. The Internet is
one important source, but there are also video, audio, and other electronic sources. Here you
need to state what type of resources you are referring to (eg. internet, DVD, interview, etc.) and
in order to help the reader locate Internet items it may be necessary to say how and when you
obtained them.
4.6.1 Interview
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Interviewed person’s surname, Initials (Year) Subject of the
interview. Type of resources. Location of the interview: Date of
the interview.
Example
Smith, L. J. (2006) Managing in a multicultural enterprise. Interview.
Lausanne: 11/01/06.
4.6.2 Video/DVD
The author can either be the individual who made it, or the company (if no individual is mentioned
on the sleeve or in the recording). However, sometimes it may be better to put the director, in the
case of films produced by large studios.
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Item Title. Type of resources.
Publication place: Publisher.
Examples
Deming, W. (1984) Road Map for Change: The Deming Approach.
Video recording. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational
Corp.
Scott, R. (1982) Blade Runner, The Director’s Cut. DVD. Hollywood:
Warner Bros., re-released 2001.
14 2009.2
4.6.2.1 One author
Kouzes, J. M. (1988) Leadership from within. Video recording. Oakland: Thinking Allowed
Productions.
4.6.2.2 Organisation
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute (2004) Front office: 3 in 1 package. DVD.
Lansing: American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute.
4.7 Work quoted in somebody else’s work. How to do it?
In the reference list at the end of your work, list ONLY the document you have actually seen.
For instance, if you found a quote from Mr Smith in the work of Mr Johnson, list only the
document from Mr Johnson.
Johnson, J. J. (2007) Feline Textualities (10th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4.8 Internet
In the end-list, the reference should look like this:
Author’s surname, Initials. (Date of publication) Title of Item.
Type of medium. Location. Date of access.
Examples
Kain, P. (1999) Beginning the academic essay. Internet.
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~wricntr/documents/Begin.html.#p#分页标题#e#
Accessed 25/11/08.
Hofstede, G. (2007) A summary of my ideas about national culture
differences. Internet
http://feweb.uvt.nl/center/hofstede/page3.htm. Accessed
25/11/08.
4.8.1 Evaluation and authorship
You are responsible for the quality of the sources you cite as references, and you must be aware
that you cannot trust everything that you find on the Internet.
More information about Internet literature searching and Glion e-library resources is available in
the handout: Online Resources Access.
The author of a website/webpage can either be the individual who made it, a company, a
government, an organization, an association, etc.
If there are two authors, you should include both. Use the word "and”, not the "&" sign. If there are
more than two authors, you must give all of the authors in full: do not use "et al." there.
15 2009.2
4.8.2 Author is a company, an institution, an organization or an association
Central Intelligence Agency (2007) The World Factbook. Internet.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html. Accessed 25/11/08.
World Tourism Organization (2007) Historical perspective of world tourism. Internet.
http://unwto.org/facts/eng/historical.htm. Accessed 25/11/08.
4.8.3 PDF documents (not found in a database)
Ion Global (2002) Rating luxury hotel e-marketing practices in Asia. Internet.
http://www.ionglobal.com/documents/rating_luxury_hotel_e-marketing_practices_in_asia.pdf.
Accessed 25/11/08.
4.8.4 Online Reports (Mintel, Euromonitor)
Mintel Leisure Intelligence (2007) Diving Tourism – International. Internet.
http://reports.mintel.com. Accessed 25/11/08.
Mintel Leisure Intelligence (2006) China. Internet. http://reports.mintel.com. Accessed 25/11/08.
Euromonitor International (2007) Quick Restaurants SA (consumer foodservice – France).
Internet. http://www.portal.euromonitor.com. Accessed 25/11/08.
Euromonitor International (2007) Consumer lifestyles – Russia. Internet.
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com. Accessed 25/11/08.
4.8.5 Online Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2007) Romanesque art. Internet.
http://school.eb.co.uk/all/eb/article-9083826?query=romanesque%20art&ct=null.
Accessed 25/11/08.
4.8.6 Images and graphs
Perry-Castañeda Library (2002) South-America (reference map). Internet.
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/south_america_ref02.jpg. Accessed 25/11/08.
Research in China (2007) Market scale of China’s online tourism, 2001-2006. Internet.
http://www.researchinchina.com/Report/CyberEconomy/3727.html. Accessed 25/11/08.
4.9 Referencing articles found on Ebsco, Proquest, Emerald and similar
databases
The whole point of referencing is that the reader must be able to find the place where the cited#p#分页标题#e#
work comes from. With web sites, this is given as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which
generally begins http://www….
However with some web sites this may be more complicated. Although most sites show a page
(usually written in html script) some are able to retrieve items from a database and display them
as .pdf or .doc files (databases or electronic libraries). In this case the window at the top of your
browser screen displays the web page, followed by a lot of apparently confused symbols, like this:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?Filename=html/Output/Published/
EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0060321001.pdf
16 2009.2
In this case you should not be trying to reference the article as an electronic one at all. It is a
published (hard copy) article, which happens to be available through an internet database. It
should be referenced as a journal article, adding the database and the date you retrieved it. For
instance the one shown above is referenced like this:
Salih, T. M. (2005) Economic development and geopolitics: a tale of two regions.
International Journal of Social Economics. 32(10): 857-867. Retrieved from Emerald
database, 04/12/07.
Other examples:
Caponigro, J. R. (1998) Managing a crisis in your restaurant. Nation’s Restaurant News. 32(44):
36-38. Retrieved from Ebsco database, 25/11/08.
Bernetti, I., Casini, L. and Marinelli, N. (2006) Wine and globalisation: changes in the international
market structure and the position of Italy. British Food Journal. 108(4): 306-315. Retrieved from
Proquest database, 25/11/08.
Dolnicar, S. and Laesser, C. (2007) Travel agency marketing strategy: insights from Switzerland.
Journal of Travel Research. 46(2): 133-146. Retrieved from Sage Journals Online database,
25/11/08.
Brantly, C. A., Hunt, A. E., Gerald, B. and Ryan, C. (2005) Consumption of high fat foods
influences taste preferences. Journal of Nutrition in Recipe & Menu Development. 3(3/4): 9-17.
Retrieved from The Haworth Press Online database, 25/11/08.
17 2009.2
5. Layout of the list
At the end of your text you must put a list of all the materials you have used, in
alphabetical order by author.
Under no circumstances should the citations in a reference list be numbered or bulleted!
What? How? Example
Alphabetical order Arrange all entries in
alphabetical order by
first author.
Alphabetise letter by
letter and place
prefixes such as de,
O', Mc and Mac
literally as they occur.
MacNamara, G. and James, M. (1988) Service
and Waiters. London: Allen and Price.
Marshall, D. W. (1993) Appropriate meal
occasions: understanding conventions and
exploring situational influences on food choice.
The International Review of Retail, Distribution
and Consumer Research. 3(3): 279-301.#p#分页标题#e#
McClain, L., Beringer, D., Kuhnert, H., Priest, J.,
Wilkes, E., Wilkinson S. and Oberick, J. (1968)
On the philosophy of Food Service. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Polity Press.
O'Hara, P. (1977) Sociology and Food. London:
Spicers.
Same author,
individual and
collective works
Single author
precedes multiple
authors beginning with
the same surname.
Bateson, F. B. (1999)
Bateson, F. B. and Ohms, G. Z. (1969)
Same author,
different works
Papers are listed in
date order.
Johnson, K. L. (1971)
Johnson, K. L. (1976)
Johnson, K. L. (1988)
Different authors,
but with same
surname
Authors with the same
surname are listed in
alphabetical order of
their initials
Johnson, B. H. (1992)
Johnson, K. L. (1988)
18 2009.2
6. Frequently asked questions
• I want to reference a quote that I saw in somebody else’s article. How do I do it?
Do it like in the following example:
Reference in the text :
According Wales (Strategies for Cats, 1990) 'the normative expectation is null' (cited in
Johnson, 2007: 79).
In the reference list at the end of your work, list ONLY the document you have actually seen:
Johnson, J. J. (2007) Feline Textualities (10th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• What if I can’t find a date on an electronic resource?
A copyright date is not always given on the internet. You shouldn’t use a resource which has no
date, or no author. However you should be able to find a date on the main page (welcome page)
of the website, and if it is not present, you should use the date you accessed the page.
• Should I reference something posted anonymously on the Web?
In general: no. Only do this if you absolutely cannot get the information anywhere else. Do not
use more than one such source in any piece of work, even when it is a long piece of work.
On the other hand, the author of a website/webpage can be a company, a government, an
organization, an association, etc. An item published by an organisation, such as a tourist board
may not have authors as such. Do not put this as “Anon”; instead write the name of the
organisation.
If you are searching for the person or organization responsible for a website, again, don’t forget
to look at the “copyright” of the site (generally at the bottom of the page) or identify links such as
“contact us”, “about us”, “who we are”, etc.
• I found some articles on ProQuest. Do I reference them as Internet references?
No. They are text references which can be accessed through a web database. Therefore, you
must reference them as published articles (not as internet references), only adding the name of
the database and the date you’ve accessed it.#p#分页标题#e#
• How should I reference tables and figures?
You must put the actual page on which the table or figure appears, just as you would reference
a quote.
• I have a reference where there are more than 3 authors: do I put them all?
In the text you do not put them all, you write the first one and then “et al.” which means “and the
others”. In the reference list at the end of your text you put all the authors’ names.
• How should I reference a magazine article that has no author?
If no author is mentioned, you should put the name of the magazine as the author. For
example: The Economist (2006, April 15-21) Another great week for Europe. The Economist, 11.
19 2009.2
7. References
Anglia Polytechnic University (2001) Guide to the Harvard System Referencing. Internet.
如何写留学生论文的Referencing格式http://libweb.apu.ac.uk/subjects/reference/harvard.php. Accessed 25/11/2008.
Bournemouth University (2004) Citing references. Internet.
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/citing_references.html. Accessed 25/11/2008.
Anon. (2003) Chambers Dictionary (9th edition). Edinburgh: Chambers.
University of South Australia (2007) Referencing using the Harvard author-date system. Internet.
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvar
d-referencing.pdf. Accessed 25/11/08.
Note: Many of the sources quoted in this paper have been compiled for the purposes of
illustration only.
20 2009.2
8. Table with examples
Document An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list Rules
Book
Page (2005: 25) argues that “…”
According to Bowdin et al. (2006), …
Page, S. J. (2005) Transport and tourism: global perspectives (2nd edition). Harlow:
Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Bowdin, G. A. J., Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R. and McDonnell, I. (2006) Events
management (2nd edition). Amsterdam [etc.] : Elsevier.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Book title
(edition). Publication place: Publisher.
Journal article
It has been argued (Sull, 1999) that…
As suggested by Sigala and Baum (2003:
370), “…”
Sull, D. N. (1999) Why good companies go bad. Harvard Business Review. 77(4): 42-
50.
Sigala, M. and Baum, T. (2003) Trends and issues in tourism and hospitality higher
education: visioning the future. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 4(4): 367-376.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Article title.
Journal Title. Volume (Issue): Page X – page
Y.
Newspaper,
magazine
article
Molesworth (2006) questions whether…
As shown by Waldmeir (2006), …
Molesworth, J. (2006, April 30) South Africa still surging. Wine Spectator: 106-120.#p#分页标题#e#
Waldmeir, P. (2006, April 20) How copyright is stifling culture in America. Financial
Times: 7.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year, Date) Article
title. Journal Title : Page X – page Y.
Contribution/
article or
chapter in a
book
It has been acknowledged (Hudson, 2004:
86) that “…”
Hudson, S. (2004) Winter sport tourism in North America. In B. W. Ritchie and D.
Adair (eds.) Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues. Clevedon:
Channel View Publications: 77-100.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Article title.
In Initials, Surname of authors or editors of
publication (followed by (ed.) or (eds.) if
editor) Book main title. Place of publication:
publisher's name: Page X – page Y.
Video / DVD
The processes involved have been well
documented (American Hotel & Lodging
Educational Institute, 2004)
In conclusion, Kouzes (1988)
emphasises…
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute (2004) Front office: 3 in 1 package.
DVD. Lansing: American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute.
Kouzes, J. M. (1988) Leadership from within. Video recording. Oakland: Thinking
Allowed Productions.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Item Title.
Type of resources. Publication place:
Publisher.
Electronic
resources
(internet)
The Central Intelligence Agency website
(2007) has details of…
As the statistics compiled by Euromonitor
(2007) show…
Central Intelligence Agency (2007) The world factbook. Internet.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html. Accessed
25/11/08.
Euromonitor International (2007) Consumer lifestyles – Russia. Internet.
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com. Accessed 25/11/08.
Author’s surname, Initials. (Date of
publication) Title of Item. Type of medium.
Location. Date of access.
Articles from
databases
(Ebsco,
Proquest,
Emerald, etc.)
This procedure has received support
(Caponigro, 1998: 38) and…
Caponigro, J. R. (1998) Managing a crisis in your restaurant. Nation’s Restaurant
News. 32(44): 36-38. Retrieved from Ebsco database, 25/11/08.
如何写留学生论文的Referencing格式Author’s surname, Initials. (Year) Article title.
Journal Title. Volume (Issue): Page X – page
Y. Retrieved from name of the database, date.
|
