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什么是APA格式？
APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。 另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。
格式
虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料，写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。譬如，手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字，不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。
标题
根据APA格式，标题是用来组织文章，使得其有层次架构。APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式（1到5级），此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页，级数和格式如下： 第1级：置中大小写标题（Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading） 第2级：置中、斜体、大小写标题（Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading） 第3级：靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题（Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading） 第4级：缩排、斜体、小写标题，最后加句号（Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period） 第5级：置中大写标题（CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING） 根据APA格式，若文章标题有： 1个级数：使用第1级标题 2个级数：使用第1和第3级标题 3个级数：使用第1、第3、和第4级标题 4个级数：使用第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题 5个级数：使用第5、第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题 （按：2个级数以上以大标题→小标题方式使用） 注意： 目前并无六级以上的标题规定。 APA格式不允许“数字”和“单一字母”出现在标题之首。
文献引用
文献引用是在一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注。APA格式使用哈佛大学文章引用格式，通常来说，一个引用包含了作者名和发表日期，以括号夹注（有时会再加上页数），放在引用文字或句子之后。 详细的引用或参考资料则放在位于文章最后的“参考文献”或“Works Cited”部分。APA格式明确的定义“参考文献”只放入文章内容引用的来源，所以有些文章才会有“参考文献（Reference）”和“Bibliography”的分别。（Bibliography另外包含了作者背景知识的来源，不一定是直接被引用的文献。） 单一作者 格式应为“（作者姓氏（非首字母），发表年份）”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及，只需标出年份就好（若需要可加上页数），仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。 A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. 两位作者 作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用，名字中间需加上“＆”符号；若不在括号内则使用“and”。 A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. 3至5位作者 第一次引用时需列举全部的作者，往后若引用相同的文献，只需举出最主要的作者，再加上“et al.”。但是，在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。 A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, & Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005). 6位作者以上 举出第一位作者即可，格式应为“（作者 et al.，年份）”。在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。 Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. 多篇文献，同一作者 若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份（最早到最晚依序排列）。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。（按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。） A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism 多篇文献，多位作者 根据上一个的规则，并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母，接着是发表年份。 A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004, 2005; Sirkis, 2003) 直接引述 格式与前述无不同，一样为“（作者，年份，页数）”。 When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said "I think it's the reinforcement" (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).#p#分页标题#e#
参考文献清单
什么是APA格式？APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以姓氏的字母顺序来排列，包括姓氏的前缀。譬如，Martin de Rijke应被改成“De Rijke, M.”；Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。（阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“−”，所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。）
纸本文献
单一作者著作的书籍： Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead. 两位作者以上合著的书籍： Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章： Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章（非连续页码）： Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37. 期刊中的文章（连续页码）： Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146. 月刊杂志中的文章： Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. 报纸中的文章： Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4. 政府官方文献： Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
线上文献
针对电子文献、网站和线上文章，APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则，第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源，第二为提供其有效的参考来源。 网络文章的打印版本 Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124. 电子期刊的文章（只有网络版的期刊） Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址 电子短信（newsletter）的文章 Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址 单篇线上文献（无作者及著作日期） What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from 网页地址 从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献 Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址 从数据库搜寻的期刊文章的电子复制版本（3至5位作者） Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database. 电子邮件或其他个人通讯（限定文字） (A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001). 储存于光碟的书籍 Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library. 储存于录音带的书籍 Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.#p#分页标题#e#
APA Referencing
Note: this page is only an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system.
For a comprehensive guide please refer to:American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington DC: APA.
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you haveused in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures,as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.
There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the APAreferencing style for in-text citations and for creating the Reference List (examples are below). Within thetext of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. Include pagenumbers for direct quotations and also where it is useful to provide a page number. A reference list at theend of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.
Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up andread more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing
1. Note down the full bibliographic details of the source from which the information is taken. Include the
relevant page number(s).
In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title,edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of thetitle page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the caseof a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication,title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date thatyou accessedthe information, and the database name or web address (URL).
2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).
3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).
In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of
an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’sIt is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details,e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conformingto your school's requirements.
2
initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors arecited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolone.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting fromanother source, the relevant page number must be given and double quotation marks placed around the quote.When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the#p#分页标题#e#
relevant page number, as it is useful to provide a page number for the reader.How to Create a Reference List
A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. In contrast, a bibliography is a list ofrelevant sources for background or for further reading.The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, andordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.
The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in theexamples below, to highlight the alphabetical order.Books In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)Single author
The theory was first propounded in 1993
(Comfort, 1997, p. 58)OR
Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed that…
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley. Book
2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, p.17)….
OR
“… to achieve consistency” (Madden &
Hogan, 1997, p. 45).
Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The definition of disability in
Australia: Moving towards national consistency.
Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Book
3, 4 or 5 authors Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and
Willingham (2005, p. 6) found …
Cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs.
Guerin et al. (2005, p. 6) found …
In subsequent citations, include only
the surname of the first author
followed by et al. (not italicized and
with a fullstop after “al”) and the year.
Guerin, W. L., Labor, E., Morgan, L., Reesman, J. C., &
Willingham, J. R. (2005). A handbook of critical
approaches to literature. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Book
6 or more authors (Rodgers et al., 1996, p. 35) Rodgers, P., Smith, K., Williams, D., Conway, L., Robinson,
W., Franks, F., et al. (2002). The way forward for
Australian libraries. Perth: Wombat Press.
Book
No author (Employment the Professional Way,
2000)
OR
the book Employment the Professional
Way (2000)
Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding
the Australian job search process for professionally
qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton, Victoria: Australian
Multicultural Foundation.
Book
3 of 11
Examples of Referencing:
Multiple works by
same author
University research (Brown, 1982, 1988)
has indicated that…
Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group.
Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.
Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchor on corals.
Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.
Order chronologically in the reference list.
Book
Multiple works
published in the
same year by the
same author
In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b)
…
Use a/b etc. to differentiate between
works in same year.
Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
Book
Editor (Kastenbaum, 1993, p. 51) Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of adult
development. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
Edited Book
Different Editions (Renton, 2004, p. 51) Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing (3rd ed.).
Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
An edition number is placed after the title of the work -
this is not necessary for a first edition.
Book
Encyclopedia or
Dictionary
The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (1980, p.85) defined it as…
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music
and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
Edited Book
Article or chapter
in a book
As discussed by Blaxter (1976)… Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health inequalities. In C.
Carter & J. Peel (Eds.), Equalities and inequalities in
health (pp. 120-135). London: Academic Press.
Book Section
Article or chapter
in a book – no
author
(“Solving the Y2K Problem,” 1997) Solving the Y2K problem. (1997). In D. Bowd (Ed.),
Technology today and tomorrow (p. 27). New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Book Section
Brochure (Research and Training Centre, 1993, p.
2)
Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. (1993).
Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with
disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Melbourne: Author.
The word ‘Author’ is used as the publisher when the
author and publisher are the same.
Book
(put Author in Publisher)
You will need to manually type
[Brochure] after the title.
4 of 11
E-book (Pettinger, 2002, p. 45) Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capstone
Publishing. Retrieved September 28, 2004, from
NetLibrary database.
Electronic Book
(put September 28, 2004 in the Date
Accessed field, NetLibrary in Name of
Database.)
Thesis
(Jones, 1998, p. 89)
Jones, F. (1998). The mechanism of Bayer residue
flocculation. PhD Thesis. Curtin University of Technology.
Retrieved December 21, 2005, from Curtin University of
Technology Digital Theses.
Thesis
(put PhD Thesis in Thesis Type,
December 21, 2005 in Access Date,
Curtin University of Technology Digital
Theses in URL.)
Conference
Proceeding
(Cutler, Frolich, & Hanrahan, 1997)
OR
As discussed by Cutler, Frolich and
Hanrahan (1997)
Cutler, L. D., Frolich, B., & Hanrahan, P. (1997, January 16).#p#分页标题#e#
Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive
workbench. Paper presented at the 1997 Symposium on
Interactive 3D Graphics, Stanford, CA. Retrieved June
12, 2000, from ProQuest 5000 database.
Conference Proceeding
(put 1997, January 16 in Year of
Conference, Two-handed direct
manipulation on the responsive
workbench in Title, 1997 Symposium
on Interactive 3D Graphics in
Conference Name, Stanford, CA in
Conference Location, June 12, 2000
in Access Date, ProQuest 5000 in
Name of Database.)
Image in a book The poster “The 3 dark years” (Sexton,
2005, p. 184)
Sexton, M. (2005). The great crash: The short life and sudden
death of the Whitlam government. Melbourne: Scribe
Publications.
Book
Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Article As mentioned by Wharton (1996)…
OR
“… when abseiling” (Wharton, 1996, p.
8).
Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity
centres. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9.
Journal Article
Article – no author It’s a growing problem in the U.K.
(“Anorexia Nervosa,” 1969)…
Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical Journal, 1, 529-530. Journal Article
5 of 11
Newspaper article (Towers, 2000) Towers, K. (2000, January 18). Doctor not at fault: Coroner.
The Australian, p. 3.
Newspaper Article
Newspaper article –
no author
(“Rate Rise,” 2005) Rate rise scares new home buyers away. (2005, April 29).
Sydney Morning Herald, p. 35.
Newspaper Article
Press release (Watersmith, 2000) Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era, [Press
release]. Melbourne: BHP Limited.
Report
(put 2000, March 1 in the Year field,
Press release in Report Number,
BHP Limited in Institution.)
Electronic
Journals
In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Full text from an
electronic database
(Madden, 2002)
OR
As Madden (2002) states…
Madden, G. (2002). Internet economics and policy: an
Australian perspective. Economic Record, 78, 343-58.
Retrieved October 16, 2002, from ABI/INFORM Global
database.
Journal Article
Full text from an
electronic database
– no author
The Internet has had a huge impact on
the Australian economy (“Internet
Economics”, 2002)…
Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective.
(2002). Economic Record, 78, 343-58. Retrieved
October 16, 2002, from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Journal Article
Full text newspaper,
newswire or
magazine from an
electronic#p#分页标题#e#
database – no
author
(“WA Packed,” 2004) WA packed with overseas appeal. (2004, November 12). The
West Australian, p. 47. Retrieved November 13, 2004,
from Factiva database.
Newspaper Article
(put November 13, 2004 in the Access
Date field, Factiva in Name of
Database.)
Full text from
Internet
(Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin
Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/
smallb1.html
Electronic Article
(put October 16, 2002 in the Date
Accessed field,
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/
stories/2002/10/14/smallb1.html in
Database.)
6 of 11
Article from Curtin
E-Reserve
(Davidhizar & Dowd, 1997) Davidhizar, R., & Dowd, S. B. (1997). The art of giving an effective
presentation. Health Care Supervisor, 15(3), 25-31.
Retrieved October 16, 2002, from Curtin University of Technology
Library & Information Service E-Reserve.
Journal Article
(put October 16, 2002 in the Access
Date field, Curtin University of
Technology Library & Information Service
E-Reserve in Type of Article.)
Article from a
database in CDROM
format
(BPO)
(La Rosa, 1992) La Rosa, S. M. (1992). Marketing slays the downsizing dragon.
Information Today, 9(3), 58-59. Retrieved October 16,
2002, from UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc database.
Journal Article
(put October 16, 2002 in the Access
Date field, UMI Business Periodicals
Ondisc in Name of Database.)
World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Document on
WWW
“It’s essential you learn how to reference”
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Grey-Smith,
2002).
Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. (2002). ‘S’
Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. Retrieved
October 31, 2002, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/
Web Page
(use Access Date & URL fields
for retrieved statement)
Document on
WWW – No
author
(Leafy Seadragons, 2001) Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. (2001).
Retrieved November 13, 2002, from
http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/
Web Page
(use Access Date & URL fields for
retrieved statement)
Document on
WWW – No date
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)
Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.). Shaping the future:
Careers in architecture. Retrieved May 31, 2005, from
http://www.careersinarchitecture.net/
Web Page
(put Royal Institute of British Architects
in the Author field, n.d. inYear, use
Access Date & URL fields for retrieved
statement
Image on the web The image of the wasp (Wasps, hornets and
yellowjackets, n.d.)
Wasps, hornets and yellowjackets [Image] (n.d.).
Retrieved November 28, 2005, from http://www.laters.com/
insects/hornets.htm
Web Page
Type [Image] manually after the title.
Cochrane Review (Bunn, Byrne & Kendall, 2004) Bunn, F., Byrne, G., & Kendall, S. (2004, July 19). Telephone
consultation and triage: Effects on health care use and
patient satisfaction. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 2004(3), Article CD004180. Retrieved February
11, 2005, from The Cochrane Library Database.
* This example was provided by APA Journals in September
2006.
Journal Article
(put 2004, July 19 in the Year field,
Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews in Journal, Article CD004180
in Pages.)
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Government
Publications
In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Acts of Parliament
(including
bills)
The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act
1974…..
(In future references, omit date)
Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is
important to an understanding of the work. Set the list
apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading
'Legislation'.
Essential elements: Short Title of Act Year (Jurisdiction) eg:
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth).
If have used a section can do a pinpoint reference eg: Criminal
Code (WA), s. 348
If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add
a retrieved statement as for electronic journal articles.
Enter in-text citation manually
Case (The State of New South Wales v. The
Commonwealth, 1915)
The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915)
20 CLR 5.
If case is obtained from an electronic database, add a retrieved
statement as for electronic journal articles.
Case
(put 20 CLR 5 in the Abbreviated Case
Name field)
You will need to edit the in-text citation for
it to appear correctly
Australian Bureau
of Statistics Bulletin
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and
carers: Summary of findings (No. 4430.0). Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory: Author.
The word ‘Author’ is used as the publisher when the
author and publisher are the same.
Report
(put No. 4430.0 in the Accession Number
field, Author in Institution.)
Australian Bureau
of Statistics from
AusStats
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and
carers: Summary of findings (No.4430.0). Canberra, Australian
Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved October 14,
2002, from AusStats database.
Report
(put No. 4430.0 in the Accession Number
field, October 14, 2002 in Access Date,
AusStats in Name of Database)
Census Information
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of population
and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release
processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20,
2002, from AusStats database.
Report
(use Access Date & Name of Database
fields for retrieved statement)
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9 of 11
Government Report
(Resource Assessment Commission,
1991)
Resource Assessment Commission. (1991). Forest and timber
enquiry: Draft report (No. 1). Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service.
Report
(put No. 1 in the Accession Number
field, Australian Government Publishing
Service in Institution)
Patent U.S. Patent No. 4554399 (1985) Cookson, A. H. (1985). Particle trap for compressed gas insulated
transmission system. U.S. Patent 4554399.
Patent
(put Cookson, A. H. in Inventor, U.S.
Patent 4554399 in Patent Number)
Standard (Standards Australia, 1997) Standards Australia. (1997). Size coding scheme for infants'
and children's clothing - Underwear and outerwear (AS
1182-1997). Retrieved January 10, 2006, from Standards
Australia Online database.
Report
(put AS 1182-1997 in the Accession
Number field, January 10, 2006 in
Access Date, Standards Australia
Online in Name of Database.
Secondary
Sources
In Text Examples Reference List Examples EndNote X (which reference type?)
Book … including neuralgia (Carini and Hogan,
as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p.
45)
OR
Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002, p. 45)
Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002).The human
body in health and disease. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
Record the book that you actually sourced.
Book
Carini and Hogan will need to be
added manually in the in-text citation.
Journal article Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in
Patton, 2002)
ORAPA Referencing… origins of neuralgia” (Carini and Hogan,
as cited in Patton, 2002, p. 2154)
Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400,
2153-55.
Record the journal that you actually sourced
Journal Article
Carini and Hogan will need to be
added manually in the in-text citation.
Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Personal
communication,
e-mail and discussion
lists with
no web archive
It was confirmed that an outbreak
occurred in London (S. Savieri, personal
communication, April 24, 1999).
Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the
reader.
Enter in-text citation manually.
Films and
videorecordings
(Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000) Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director).
(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United
States: Paramount Pictures.
Film or Broadcast
(put Scorsese, M and Lonergan, K in the
Director field, Writer/Director in Alternate
Title, Motion picture in Medium, United
States in Country, Paramount Pictures in
Distributor)
You will need to edit the citation in
your Word document to add
(Producer)
Television and
radio programmes
(Crystal, 1993) Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New
York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.
Film or Broadcast
(put Crystal, L. in the Director field,
Executive Producer in Alternate Title,
October 11 in Date Released, Television
broadcast in Medium, New York and
Washington DC in Country, Public
Broadcasting Service in Distributor)
Podcast (Seega & Swan, 2005) Seega, B. (Producer) & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2005,
November 28). Adult ADHD [Podcast radio programme].
Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved November 29,
2005, from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/
Film or Broadcast
(put the producer and presenters’ names
in Director, 2005, November 28 in Year,
Sydney in Country, ABC Radio National
in Distributor, Podcast radio programme
in Medium, Presenter in Alternative Title,
November 29, 2005 in Access Date,
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/
helthrpt/ in URL.
You will need to edit the citation in
your Word document to add (Producer)
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It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details, e.g. punctuation, may
vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements
Computer
Software
(Miller, 1993) Miller, M. E. (1993). The interactive tester (Version 4.0)
[Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.
Computer Program
(put Miller, M. E. in Programmer, 4.0 in
Version, Computer software in Type)
ERIC document
(microfiche)
Davis and Lombardi (1996) put forward
the proposal that…
Davis, R. K., & Lombardi, T. P. (1996). The quality of life of rural
high school special education graduates. In Rural goals
2000: Building programs that work [Microfiche]. (ERIC
Document No. ED394765).
Generic
(put Rural goals 2000: Building programs
that work in Secondary Title, Microfiche
in the Type of Work field, ERIC
Document No. ED394765 in Publisher)
E-mail discussion
list – web archive
(Little, 2002) Little, L. (2002, April 16). Two new policy briefs. Message
posted to ECPOLICY electronic mailing list, archived at
http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual
Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/
Msg00003.html
Web Page
(put 2002, April 16 in the Year field,
Message posted to ECPOLICY electronic
mailing list, archived atAPA Referencinghttp://www.askeric.org/VirtualListserv_Ar
chives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg0
0003.html in Access Year.)
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