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References格式如何选取？Bibliographies格式指导，Effective Learning Service
References and Bibliographies
A M E M B E R O F
University of Bradford, School of Management References and Bibliographies布拉德福德大学管理学院的引用和参考书目
Effective Learning Service 1有效的学习服务
Academic writing is special in an age of rapid communication. Most assignments inhigher education require you to slow the tempo and carefully explore and test outideas, either for their own sake or in relation to real or hypothetical situations.学术写作是特殊的交流在一个快速的时代。大多数作业较高的教育需要慢节奏,认真探索和测试outideas,为了自己的利益或与真实或假设的情况。
This requires you to, not just present and describe ideas, but to be aware ofwhere they came from, who developed them - and why. Ideas, theories, models,practices are often shaped by the social norms, values and practices prevailing atthe time and place of their origin and the student in higher education needs to beaware of these influences. Referencing plays a role, therefore, in helping to locateand place ideas and arguments in their historical, social, cultural and geographical contexts.
Referencing can also help you to find your own voice in assignments, by helping
you construct essays and reports that project the way you see or perceive things,but supported by a body of evidence that strengthens your opinions - anconverts them into arguments.
Education needs ideas, arguments and perspectives to thrive, but these have tobe tested rigorously and subjected to the critical scrutiny of others. This is doneby researching, preparing and presenting work into the public domain; aformidable task for any writer or commentator, and one that can take years
sometimes to achieve.
Referencing is then, also about respecting and honouring the hard work of writersand commentators – by acknowledging them in your assignments.
Colin Neville
Effective Learning Service
PREFACE
The Effective Learning Service at the School of Management is part of a UKgovernment funded LearnHigher project, which involves collaboration between16 UK institutions of higher education.
The aim is to develop a resources network to enable students to gain access tohigh quality learning support material produced by UK universities.
The Effective Learning Service at the School of Management has been selected todevelop resources on referencing to share with students. A website onreferencing is currently being developed, and a book on this topic: The Complete
Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism’, by Colin Neville, is due to belaunched by The Open University Press in August 2007.More information can be found on the LearnHigher project at:
University of Bradford, School of Management References and Bibliographies
Effective Learning Service 2
REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHIES
It is an expected academic practice that students will refer to (or cite) thesources of ideas, data and other evidence in written assignments.
This is not just practice for tradition’s sake; it is done for valid academic reasons.
There are four main reasons related to your academic studies why referencing is
important:
1. to support your arguments and give credibility to the information youpresent in assignments;
2. to enable your tutors to check the accuracy and validity of the evidencepresented;
3. to enable your tutors and other interested readers to trace the sources you
cite and to use the same evidence for their own purposes;
4. to avoid the accusation of plagiarism.
As mentioned in the preface, referencing is also a way of acknowledging the hardwork that goes into the research, preparation, writing and revision of academictexts. Accurate referencing is also one way of giving indirect thanks to thisinvisible and invaluable effort and achievement.More pragmatically, it also shows a tutor you have, at least, read some of thesources listed on a reading list!And last, but probably not least from a student perspective, accurate andintelligent referencing will enhance a good essay and contribute to the marks yougain. Selection of relevant evidence and accurate referencing is an importantelement in the marking criterion.
This booklet will:
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