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Impressionism and the Famous Cafes of Paris in the 19th century印象派和著名的巴黎咖啡馆在19th世纪
19th世纪的艺术发展的特点是一些新动作,其中一个特别的地方占据印象派。这是运动,不久之后,它的外表有成为非常受欢迎特别是在内心世界的艺术,即在巴黎。有许多艺术家的工作和生活在这个城市,而奉献他们的人才发展印象派。很明显,这样一种新的艺术运动的进步可能会很难,如果没有诸如著名的巴黎咖啡馆,特别是具代表性的巴黎,咖啡馆des Ambassadeurs,Bergere和恶意。这就是为什么显得尤为重要的角色意识到什么是这些咖啡馆,实际上取代艺术家的创造性实验室的工作在印象派的方向。
首先,讨论了作用在著名的印象主义的巴黎咖啡馆是必要的说几句话,为了实现运动本身的重要性及其意义咖啡馆的艺术家。
事实上印象派是“一个19th世纪的艺术运动,开始时是一个松散的艺术家协会总部设在巴黎开始公开展示他们的艺术在1860年代”(赫伯特1988、178、)。应该指出,一些专家称这个运动光学现实主义是因为它的科学兴趣几乎实际的视觉经验和效果的光和运动物体的外观上。他们著名的格言是:“人类的眼睛是一个不可思议的仪器”(赫伯特1988、253、)。
事实上,运动的由来从克劳德·莫奈的印象,日出。因此,这个艺术家是传统上认为是运动的创始人。
其主要特点的印象派的事实是它的影响和思想远远超越艺术世界中传播,导致印象派印象派音乐和文学、甚至文化逍遥法外。
它也指出历史现实的生活在巴黎悬崖勒马那个时代,它已经被提到了,是一个内心世界的文化和艺术。应该说,19th世纪具有一个飞速发展的民主社会主义的观点经常导致理想化的现实,强调人的思想和精神的力量,实现目标,原先认为神的领域。因此,出现了utopist观点甚至更重要的艺术家也变得越来越感兴趣和周围的普通的东西,他们往往更贴近观众,他们努力寻求更多的机会去工作自如,丰富沟通彼此通过永久的一种非正式的环境。
后者是相当重要的,这是著名的巴黎咖啡馆提供这类通讯和艺术家氛围。事实上几乎所有的咖啡馆,包括具代表性的巴黎,咖啡馆des Ambassadeurs,Bergere华而不实的,在某种程度上相似,至少都是印象派的地方可以互相交换他们的思想,探讨创新,在艺术上的最新趋势,甚至工作,对他们的画。
在这方面它是必要的,以强调,从历史的巴黎咖啡馆被认为是一个地方“自由思想,充分滋养”(赫伯特1988、276、)。因此,著名的咖啡馆几乎理想的地方工作在印象派艺术家才能进步与波兰方向技能,而且,这样的巴黎咖啡馆为准则,咖啡馆des Ambassadeurs,愚蠢Bergere可以被看作是地方形成印象派事实上已经作为一个独立的艺术运动。#p#分页标题#e#法国艺术作业写作
The Art of the 19th century was characterized by the development of a number of new movements, among which a particular place occupies Impressionism. It was the movement that soon after its appearance had become extremely popular especially in the heart of the world art, i.e. in Paris. There were many artists who lived and worked in this city and who dedicated their talents to the development of Impressionism. Quite remarkably that such a progress of a new art movement would be hardly possible if there were no such places as the famous cafes of Paris, particularly Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere. This is why it is particularly important to realize what was the role of these cafes, which in fact replaced ‘creative laboratories’ for artists working in the impressionist direction.
Firstly, before discussing the role of the famous cafes of Paris for Impressionism it is necessary to say a few words about the movement itself in order to realize the importance of the cafes and their significance for artists.
In fact Impressionism was “a 19th century art movement, that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who began publicly exhibit their art in the 1860s” (Herbert 1988,178). It should be pointed out that some specialists called this movement optical realism because of its almost scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects. Their famous motto was: “human eye is a marvelous instrument” (Herbert 1988, 253).
In fact the movement got its name from Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise. Consequently this artist is traditionally considered to be the founder of the movement.
The particular feature of Impressionism is the fact that its influence and ideas were spread far beyond the art world, leading to Impressionist music and Impressionist literature and even further to the culture at large.
It is also to point out the historical realities of life that reined in that epoch in Paris, which, as it has already been mentioned, was a heart of the world culture and art. It should be said that the 19th century was characterized by a rapid development of democratic, socialist views which often led to the idealization of reality and emphasis on the power of human mind and spirit to achieve goals that had been thought the domain of God. Consequently, there appeared even utopist views but what was even more important artists had become more and more interested in ordinary things surrounding them, they tended to be closer to the audience and they strived for more opportunities to work freely, enriching each other through permanent communication in an informal surrounding.
The latter was quite important and it was the famous cafes of Paris that provided artists with such communication and ambiance. In fact practically all of the cafes, including Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere, were to a certain extent similar, at least all of them were the places where impressionists could exchange their ideas, discuss innovations and recent trends in art, and even work on their paintings.#p#分页标题#e#http://www.ukassignment.org/daixieAssignment/daixiefaguoassignment/2011/1110/19158.html
At this respect it is necessary to underline that historically, the cafes of Paris were considered to be a places where “free thoughts were amply nourished” (Herbert 1988, 276). Consequently, the famous cafes were practically ideal places where the artists working in the Impressionist direction could progress and polish their skills and moreover, such cafes as Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere may be considered as places where Impressionism had in fact shaped as an independent art movement.
Furthermore, the cafes of Paris mentioned above, as well as other similar to them, to a significant extent contributed to the inspiration of Impressionists since they correspond to the places where Impressionist could think and work on their paintings. Since Impressionists “broke the picture making rules of early generations” (Rewald 1973:271) through capturing a fresh and original vision, which rejected attempts to portray ideal beauty and looked instead to beauty in candid day-to-day living. Moreover Impressionists painted ‘en plein air’, i.e. outdoors, rather than in studio that was quite innovative and unusual for the epoch. They believed that this permitted them to capture the momentary and transient aspects of sunlight.
As a result, Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere were practically ideal places which corresponded to the needs of Impressionists, where they could not only share their ideas but work as well. And it is necessary to underline that there artists could really felt free and close to the surrounding world that was particularly important in the conditions when painting was considered to be a conservative enterprise, “whose innovations fell within the Academie’s defined borders” (White 1996:311). It means that the role of the famous cafes of Paris was of a paramount importance for the development of Impressionism, especially at the beginning of the movement.
Unfortunately, later the role of the cafes gradually decreased and evaluated as well as Impressionism did, and new movements like Post-Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism appeared. But still the cafes remained historically close to Impressionists and were a sort of symbol of the early years of the movement and were often associated with its best years and artists who lived and worked in the 19ht century.
Nowadays Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere are rather symbols of Impressionism and historical monuments which left a significant trace in the development of art not only in the 19th century but in its history at large.
Thus, taking into consideration all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that the famous cafes of Paris Maxim’s de Paris, Cafe des Ambassadeurs, and Follies Bergere were the center of the development of Impressionist movement where artists could feel really independent and free from any kind of restrictions established by conservatives and the Academie des beaux-arts. And what is probably more important it was one of the alternatives to conservative approach to art and artist that symbolized the transition to the new epoch in art that was fully realized in the following century.#p#分页标题#e#法国assignment指导
Bibliography:
1. Cogniat, Raymond. The Century of the Impressionists, New York: Touchstone, 1990.
2. Herbert, Robert L. Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society, LA: Routledge, 1988.
3. Nochlin, Linda. Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, 1874-1904: Sources and Documents, New York: New Publishers, 1986.
4. Rewald, John. The History of Impressionism, New York: New Publishers, 1973.
5. White, Barbara Ehrlich. Impressionists Side by Side: Their Friendships, Rivalries, and Artistic Exchanges, Chicago: Gilmore, 1996.
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