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英国文学史论文写作需求文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧drama
Origin起源：
Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经
Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法
3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）
例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,
To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.
二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)
Canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学
2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗
三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.
朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).
他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).
歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教
代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期
（Greek and Roman） 戏剧 drama 诗章 canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama
文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement
2、代表人物：
1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦
2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist)
3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter
4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)
5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛
blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama
四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文
1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物
sonnet 十四行诗 《Death be not proud》(笔记)
作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
《Paradise Regained》复乐园
3)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”
Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”
六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动
prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.
启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2、18th century 文学的三个方面：
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物：
1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说
Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记 《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德 《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教
Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，http://www.ukassignment.org/ygzydx/2012/0301/19295.html full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。
《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽
指导英国作业 作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。
《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议
4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森
《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法
In the form of letters 书信体小说
5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹
《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧 comedy
6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist
《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel
《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy
《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌 poems
4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.
感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
散文 prose
1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poet
Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》
从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始
4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth
5、代表人物：
1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人) #p#分页标题#e#
《The Prelude》序曲 自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry
With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”
作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry
简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌
2)、Lord Byron 拜伦 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗
3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗
4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 《The Eve of St. Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则
5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师
6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见 《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感 《Emma》爱玛
写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。
7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家
6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义
1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。
2、代表人物：
1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艰难时刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传 《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿 《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。
2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》简.爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff）
特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.
3)、Mrs. Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方
4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义
人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。
特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。
5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。
特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。
3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：
1)、Alfred Tennyson
2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小气)
贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
2、代表人物。
1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔丝 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel
特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。
2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright) 《Mrs. Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业
4)、D. H. Lawrence 《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人
3、 “stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：
1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位
2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》
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