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英国论文-有关英国的课程论文指导
English
【England synthesizes introduced】
England's full title is "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom" by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed. She separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent is an island country. according to the history, the geography and the national character divides into England, Scotland, Wales, the Northern Ireland four parts, English people account for the total population 80%.England is the modern times Industrial Revolution place of origin, the official name "the united kingdom， the national area altogether 244,000 square kilometers, the population nearly 59 million, the inhabitant multi- letters Christianity protestantism, the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholicism some Englishes also believe in the Islamism, Buddhism, Hinduism, the race, the Judaism and so on. The entire boundary by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed, separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent is an island country. Coastline total length 11,000 kilometers. The east side British island is in the archipelago the biggest islands, also is the English most main national territory. It by the north Scotland, south and the middle England and the north-west Welsh three areas is composed.
【 British flag 】
comprehensive the original England (white-floored red flag), Scotland is cross to the white cross cross (blue flag) and Ireland (Red Cross cross white-floored flags of the flag) symbol. Now the red Flag is white cross on behalf of England patron saint st. George, the white cross cross for Scotland, the red guard sacred Andrew cross cross representative Irish patron saint st. Patrick British Flag, commonly known as the "MiZiQi", the official name is the Union Flag ，and often called" the Union Jack ". Jack is navy terms, refers to the flag hanging in prows. Union Flag is meaning "joint flags". British flag represent England patron saint of cross st. George's, Scotland guard sacred Andrew and Irish patron saint st. Patrick.
【 British national anthem 】
British national anthem produced in the 1740s, formerly known as the fortune favors the king "in 1837 queen Victoria to 1901 days and 1952 Elizabeth ii was renamed as" fortune favors the queen, "after praise king of England, it is the songs.
【 British population 】
Britain is the typical gentleman lady of the township life conservative and speak tradition, but also respect personal freedom and thought the nation. Tolerance Britain's population 6020 million (about in June 2005), including England, Scotland 5040 million population da da 510 million to 300 million, wales, Northern Ireland 170 million. 80% of the population in the city, London's population 1/5 of China's population. Both official and language is English. Wales, northern still use welsh Scottish highlands and Northern Ireland northwest parts still use the Gaelic language. Residents, main points, protestant Christian church of England (also called anglicans, its members accounted for about 60 percent of British adults) and the church of Scotland (also called Presbyterian, have adult christians 66 million).
British population statistics office data showed that Britain has nearly distance 1158 million elderly, they were older than 65 of men and women over the age of 60. In contrast, the age of less than 16 1152 million, the old man is more than teenagers. The first number The statistics office also says that Britain has already been fully into aging society. In the past 30 years, England, more than 80 years of age population has tripled, just 2.7 million twice 30 years ago. As medical condition gets great improvement, 80 years old man became Britain's fastest-growing bracket, and the growth rate in future time will also continue to accelerate. And because the population average rising life expectancy, British annual death toll is also on the decline.
【 language and religion 】
the official language is English. Wales, northern Scottish highlands in wales and Northern Ireland still northwest part is still use the Gaelic language. Religious mainly protestant Christian church of England (also known as Anglican, its members about 60% of British adults) and the church of Scotland (also called Presbyterian). Otherwise the Catholic church and buddhist, Hindu, jewish and Muslim big religious organizations.
【 climate 】英国论文-有关英国的课程论文指导
British pop level control, mild in the wet, the four seasons is changing. Temperate deciduous broadleaved forest belt. Usually the highest temperature not more than 32 ℃, the lowest temperature not below - 10 ℃, the annual average temperature in the January 4 ~ 7 ℃ ~ 17 ℃, July 13th. The average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm. Northern and western mountainous area rainfall 2000 millimeters, central and east less than 800 mm. From February to March 10 months to most dry, wet year. Most January
【 resources and traffic 】
British major mineral resources are coal, iron, oil and gas. YingMei reserves total 17 million tons. About 38 million tons of iron reserves. Cornwall peninsula southwest a tank. In Cheshire and da pull mu containing large rock salt. Stafford county has high quality clay. Cornwall produces and white clay. Rush ning mountain slope peninsula dolostone can be mined. Lancashire nearby hill southwest xerox ShiYingDa force field. North sea oil reserves in England nearly 10 ~ 40 tons of continental shelf in between. Natural gas reserves in 25,850 about 86-hundred ~ about billion cubic meters. British transport infrastructure is complete. Highway, railway, waterway, air transport are more developed. London has very subway nets. In 1994 the channel tunnel breakthrough, and mainland Europe, England are connected railway system. The private enterprise as the main body of the economy, accounting for 60% of GDP. Service industry is the mainstay industry, British economy of GDP three-fourths. Under the influence of the global financial crisis, the British banking steelmakers, economic situation grim. In addition, the energy industry in the UK economy, occupies an important position in recent years the UK government emphasize to improve energy efficiency and renewable energy, founded the construction "a low carbon economy" goal.
【 political 】 英国论文-有关英国的课程论文指导
Britain is in the European, in 25 years, maintain and develop the relationship between the eu and China, it always and enthusiastic supporters. Britain in the Chinese biggest eu countries investors. Britain's constitution is different from most of the country's constitution, not a separate document, it is the common law, practice by statute, composed. Mainly magna carta (1215), personal protection act (1679 years), the bill of rights (1689 years), the parliament method (1911 and 1949) and former modified the electoral law, the city autonomy, county council method and so on. Regime for constitutional monarchy. Parliament is the highest legislative and judicial authority, jun, up, or down) and (651 civilians. The senate members include royal descent, hereditary noble, lifelong noble, appeal court judges and church bishop and bishop. In November 1999, the senate reform bill passed, in addition to stay outside, 92 people lost more than 600 hereditary noble lords of the qualification, and not a political appointed Lord will special royal commission recommended. The house of Commons also called civilian courts, senators by universal suffrage, adopt the most votes elected district elected system, small for a term of five years. But the government may decide that early elections. The government implement cabinet system by queen appointment in won a majority in parliamentary elections the party leader and prime minister responsible for his appointment to the parliament. The government implemented the cabinet system by its designated seats. In parliamentary majority leader is responsible to parliament for the prime minister and his appointment.
British energy resources are rich in european countries, in the first place, not only has a great deal of oil and gas resources, and coal reserves also is very rich. Steel and aluminum also have certain reserves. Coastal fisheries resources abundant.
【 Britain's economic 】
Britain's GDP in western countries in the sixth, behind the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Italy. The private enterprise is the subject of the UK economy, accounting for 82% of GDP and of total employment 79%. Britain is the beginning of the capitalist countries industrialization process. The first time the industrial revolution; first occurs in Britain 1850, industrial output in the world in the UK, 39 percent in world trade, all 21 percent in the monopoly position; The first world war, Britain's economic strength suffered a serious blow, British possession of 250 years lost; seas After the second world war, Britain's economic power have been badly weakened, colonial market further narrowing; In the late 1960's pushing the high taxes, welfare and nationalization policy that the UK economy is in extreme difficult; However, the British of industrial development history longer have relatively complete national economic system and industrial system, so there is still the world's countries with strong economic strength; In 1973, Britain joining the European economic community, changed its dependence on commonwealth and developing countries to strengthen the rule of the trading relations with European countries; By Margaretthatcher in 1979, when the conservative government headed over "English disease" began, the measures are: emphasis on economic role play market, reduce state intervention, retrench and lower taxes, rectify welfare, adjust the foreign exchange control, industrial, cancel its privatization and monetarist policies and as a result, the UK economy had apparent recovery; In recent years, its services in the proportion of GDP is continuously increasing, and have accounted for, and industrial proportion is taking up 71.1 percent reduced gradually, and accounted for only 27.1%; English is the world's third largest foreign investor, the main creditor's rights, British or one of the world's largest invisible trade one of import and export countries. #p#分页标题#e#
British industrial base is a steel manufacturing, heavy industry, cotton, coal mine, shipbuilding. Manufacturing the current is still an important part of British industry; Industrial steel products are mainly, aerospace, chemical industry, plastic products, textile, shoes, clothing and electronic instrument industry, motor vehicles and transport equipment, energy supply, etc.; In addition, pharmaceutical, electronic (including computer), aviation technology and other fields have a prominent development; Moreover, the foreign investment enterprises in English has become an important part of its economy.
Britain's service industry in the national economy has important position, the merchandise wholesale, retail, the hotel industry is very flourishing, finance, insurance, more as a world leader; Its services output value accounts for about 65% of GDP, number of employees accounted for 75% of the total employment, and industrial production department has the close relation.
British agriculture accounts for the national total population 2.1%, the production of labor agricultural products can satisfy the national food demand 70%, agricultural output value of gross domestic product 1.5%; Britain is cattle, food, agricultural chemical, agricultural machinery, the main exporters 77 percent of land used for farming, the main crops have wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, oil, beet, etc.; Main fruits and vegetables have mushroom, carrots, celery class, apple, strawberry, wood blackberry and greenhouse cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, etc.; The animal husbandry developed, animal by-products more. Wool, cowhide, milk products are high quality, animal husbandry products processing industry such as wool, dairy products processing and leather processing etc are also relatively developed. Fisheries can meet its needs 60, main fry has Die, cod, cod, halibut, black by silver carps and the herring, etc.; Britain 237.95 million hectares of forest area, the forest coverage rate of 10%.
【 culture education 】
education system Britain imposed 284 obligations. 1998/1999 education funds of GDP in the fiscal year 4.9%. Public school students were free tuition. Private school teachers' conditions and teaching equipment are better, but fees are high, the student more for a millionaire. Britain is higher education in the world the most developed countries, have the world's top higher education levels, higher education system is the birthplace of modern civilization. Britain is the world's oldest university, also have a large number of the world's top universities, for the UK and world nurtured many outstanding scientists and statesman and so on . The famous British university, Oxford University, university of Cambridge, university college London imperial college, Sheffield university, university of Edinburgh, Birmingham university, London political and economic institute, the university of Manchester in England, Newcastle university and the university of Nottingham and so on .
British education generally divided into five stages. The first stage is the age in 3-5 years education; the kindergarten The second stage is the primary school aged 5-11 education; The third stage 11 -- 16 of middle school education. 5 years old - 16 obligations of the provisions of the education law stage. School-age children must by the state is responsible for entrance fees, books and necessary supplies. 16 to 18 years old or above (or college prep school class), for secondary school university transition; Fourth order 5 years; The fifth stage for 16 years later continue to education. Including youth and adult education normal university vocational don't count, the way a part-time,]] 3.5 and spare time. In local length of schooling, departments, and each major is not the same.
【 British celebrity 】
Cromwell, Shakespeare Churchill, Newton, Montgomery, Elizabeth I, Halley watt, hawking, Margaret thatcher and so on.
【 festival 】
Britain has many traditional festival holiday Britain and activities. Statistics, British annual festival with milky local 106.
Its main festivals are: 1. All the Year 's / (New Year's Day), jan. 1 Year celebrated the New Year begin. People hold all kinds of New Year party in the New Year, the queen remarks, various church ShouSui week do on New Year's eve.
2. St. Valentine 's / (saint Valentine's Day each year on February 14), is the third century martyrdom saints shengwalunding anniversary. The lovers in this day exchanging gifts, therefore calls "valentine's day".
3. St. And 's / (St. Patrick's Day), every March 17th, is the patron saint of the memorial Ireland St Patrick's holiday.
4. Make an appointment (Holy Saturday) press, the Easter day is.
5. Easter (Easter), generally in the first year after the vernal equinox on Sunday, about the March 21 or so. This section is the celebration of Christ Jesus the resurrection of Christ) (, at the feast people to eat more Easter Eggs (Easter Eggs).
6. For the Easter Sunday, is the second day of the Easter).
7. Good Friday (Christ before Easter black), on Friday, the church held a ceremony commemorating Christ crucified. In Britain this day is public, people eat traditional hot cross buns cross gao (hot).
8. ShengTianJie Ascension Easter (Christ/Easter), is the first 40 days later Thursday, also known as make press.
9. The holy ghost is come Pentecost (day), is the first 7 after Easter Sunday, also called white.on that occur.
10. Are 's/Day, virgin Mary (each year on March 25, also called Annunciation / (tian times details).
11，April 11. Throw a 's/year (April Fool's Day), April 1, this quarter YuQingZhu Venal come from equinox in April 1 April Fool called by prank April wise). (
12. Away 's Birthday (the Queen birthdays), every year April 21, this day is celebrate the Queen's Birthday.
13. Shakespeare 's / (Shakespeare anniversary), every year April 23, this section is the celebration of Shakespeare's birthday.
14. May each year, WuYueJie) / (on May 1, this Day is to meet the spring festivals.
15. Commonwealth anniversary, each year (on May 1, the holiday from YuQingZhu queen Victoria's birthday.
16. Away 's Birthday (could), the British Queen legal birthdays on June 10 or previous Saturday off, to replace the April 21st the Queen's Birthday.
17. Halloween (Halloween), every October 31, the children masqueraded as a ghost heartily laugh and play and scare others.
18. (Christmas), Christmas/each December 25, christians celebrate the Day of the birth of Christ, is the UK's largest festival. Christmas people not only can often see Santa Santa Claus or it (Christmas), but also can eat to Christmas dinner and Christmas pudding (Christmas Christmas pudding), personally dinner decorate the Christmas tree and enjoy celebrating Christmas eve, etc.
【 customs 】
1, wear the people of Scotland case skirt
In the world of men wearing skirts, the Scottish didn't see is one of them. In 2006, wearing black case skirt, and socks, holding a pipe, bagpipes, this is the pride of Scottish people wear good clothes. Scotland love to wear a beautiful skirt, because of different photos, beautiful cloth, every clan represent different clan for their design a representative clan spirit and blood relations, through the cloth skirt of cases. When the man put on his family, by their fathers' households, also wearing a case the pride of their clansman cloth, responsibility and loyalty.
2, folk manners
The British who give the impression of being and conservative and a sense of humor. Familiar with things, British tend to accept for novelty, or exotic thing always's skeptical. British comparison modest, boasting is without breeding performance. British people very valued a person's sense of humor. Britain's starting point, humor self, their own profits and losses down enemy and their ultimate purpose is to self-mockery, laugh at their own faults, failures and embarrassments his ideal. They don't believe in colorful words and boast words. Englishmen like sports, modern forms of sports were almost all British invention, such as boxing, football, hockey, tennis etc. British food preparation method is simpler, only two: into the oven, or into the pot cooking. Cooking is, won't make what dressing eat in personal interests put some salt, pepper and mustard, such as chilli oil. Britain's specialty is roast beef steak, Fried fish, Fried potatoes
3, the etiquette
In British lady first, is known to standards of behaviour. Into the room a last-in-first-out restaurants are mostly women before, male opened. For women to walk in the street or across the street, the ladies man to walk side by side. The direction of automobile dinner, ladies into the living room, hall, who stood up to show respect, madam, not its as gifts. Summary, usually when you are introduced to a woman, young introduced to an older person. Sit in the sitting room, the party started men should help lady, ladies chair seat. Was invited to British home.purchasing them, if is preparing social gathering, early is rude, because the hostess, haven't completely prepared guests here, would make him feel very embarrassed. Late, late 10 minutes optimal half an hour before it's too late, master, must apologize to you. In the master called also is very impolite. I am good at between the 10:00 to 11 points after leaving 1 hour or eat farewell. If invited to stay for a few days or a weekend, can leave money flower mistress. British people eat custom complex, the mainest is sit straight, eating is not keep talking. If it is a "soup basin should be placed on a plate, coffee spoon on the saucer. Can't put personal use a spoon in soup basin fire coffee cup. Eat not phonate, otherwise, it will be considered not understand rules. When you drink soup side, from inside to outside, cannot use ladle spoonfuls of head, the more cannot carry soup basin drink soup drank all the basin. Every meal usually only the main course, salads and desserts. Not in the table smoking and burps. When drinking coffee cup, coffee keys in a tray #p#分页标题#e#
British streets and lanes are everywhere bar, drinking beer, has become a tradition of London. Some bar more than 100 years of history. British pubs usually adornment antique, carve patterns or designs on woodwork doors and Windows, wear big glass Windows brush stage. The bar has become a cultural in London.
4, taboos and customs
British people queuing habit, jump the queue is a screening nasty behavior. The British are not like to talk about people's wages and women's age, British women think age is his secret. In Britain the most taboo is shopping, bargaining. The British don't like to bargaining dishonorably things, think this. British toilet not say straight out "to go to the toilet, generally say" please forgive a few minutes "or" I'd like to wash my hands "etc. The children usually say:" I want to go to that place ". Friends and family between the inner, "100", this is the most common parlance. British big dance around 10 at night usually start. Invited guests should master invited beforehand, invited guests. Men and women roughly the same number of people whether to invite in on the invitation to the party with dinner. Clean and tidy, dancing is guest clothing male guest take turns please a female guest, including must hostess and dancing. Attended the party, people can walk, and walk in politeness meet master.
【 British tourist attractions 】
England is a beautiful country, the cultural relic historical site everywhere, the natural scenery beautiful may meal, the traveling resources are rich. Many cities, such as "wancheng" flower of London, "north Athens" Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, the antique york city, hometown Stratford all is has the world's reputation tourist destinations. England also monarch has the lake district and so on several dozens country parks and the scenery protectorate. At present, by the United Nations as a world cultural and natural heritage places of historic interest and natural landscape has 14 place, namely, the tower of London, Westminster palace (parliament), blenheim palace (Oxford nearby), Canterbury cathedral buss city Salisbury suburb of Stonehenge, sites, such as railway gorge (retailer walter Hampton, west), FangTing convent and garden (north), york durham cathedral and the ancient castle, the hadrian's wall (Newcastle), miguel, castle group (within the E-mail area) welsh card, Scotland, Northern Ireland saint Kiel reaches islands "giants of the aramaeans road" and the Pacific Ocean XiangDeSen British territory of coral. They racy20, each who its long, it is extremely popular with tourists sightseeing the hotspot.
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