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University of Edinburgh Business School The Hub 爱丁堡大学商学院中心
Citation and Referencing 引文和参考
February 2011
Contents
TU Citation UT ____________________________________________________________ 3
TU Introduction UT ________________________________________________________ 3
TU Journal abbreviations UT _________________________________________________ 3
TU Citation systems UT _____________________________________________________ 4
TU Book British Standard (Numeric) System (B.S. 1629:1989) UT ___________________ 4
TU Citation in the Text - The Harvard SystemUT ________________________________ 5
TU Additional notes about citations:UT ________________________________________ 6
TU Bibliography at the end of a piece of workUT _________________________________ 7
TU Electronic materialUT __________________________________________________ 10
TU Citation in the TextUT __________________________________________________ 10
TU Elements to include in the list of references at the end of a workUT ______________ 10
TU Further Points To NoteUT _______________________________________________ 13
TU PunctuationUT _______________________________________________________ 13
TU Setting out Quotations UT _______________________________________________ 13
TU Abbreviations and terms used in referencesUT ______________________________ 15
Introduction 介绍
当要编写一篇作品时，你需要参考其他人和书本的文本材料。这个过程称为引用或者参考文献。你所引用的材料必须要一致性和准确性，使读者能够准确的识别和定位。同样的一套规则都应该遵循你每例举的一项参考文献。如果你为学术期刊提供工作，那么要了解编辑更喜欢使用什么样的方法。
When writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or
produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references.
Consistency and accuracy are important to enable readers to identify and locate the
material to which you have referred. The same set of rules should be followed every
time you cite a reference. If you are providing work for scholarly journals you should
check what method the editors prefer to use.
引文书目是一个复杂的事情,有许多变换，在本指南详细介绍了一些最普遍接受的形式引用书目，并且给出了详细的细节关于哈佛系统
------- 一个学校建议。
Bibliographical citation can be a complex business and there are many variations in
detail. This guide describes some of the most commonly accepted forms of
bibliographical citation and then gives fine details about the Harvard System
– the one the School recommends.
It also gives guidance on the most commonly encountered problems. The terms
'journal', 'periodical' and 'serial' all mean the same thing：
something which appears periodically or serially such as the Scotsman, the Economist or History Today.
Journal abbreviations 期刊的缩写
The journal title is sometimes given in full but references in indexing and abstracting
sources and CD-ROMs, titles are often abbreviated and it can be difficult to know
what acronyms mean. Indexes and abstracts often give a list of the journals they
cover, together with abbreviations. Fortunately journal title abbreviations are
standardised and they are listed at:
Within this link is ISI Journal Abbreviations. This allows you to verify periodical titles,
either in full or abbreviated form.
Citing bibliographical references to published information requires two steps:
It is important to be aware of this because honest and professional citation of
references provides the framework for sound written research, as you must
acknowledge the sources you have used to establish your arguments and criticisms.
It also enables other people to identify and trace the sources you have used for your
ideas.
There are two principal components to citing references:
the way you acknowledge or cite the source in your text.
the way you list your sources at the end of your work to enable identification,
i.e. the bibliography.
Citation systems 引用系统
HAPA and MLA Citation Styles H
Collection of handouts discussing citation styles from the Writing Centre, University
of Wisconsin-Madison.
TBook British Standard (Numeric) System (B.S. 1629:1989T)
The list of references or bibliography is arranged in the order they appear in the text.
Each time a document is referred to its number in the list of references is inserted in
brackets or in superscript.
e.g.:
There is some evidence (12) that these figures are incorrect' or ' Smith (12) has
provided evidence that these figures are incorrect'
BBSN System - Listing references in the Bibliography
1.1 Books - Items for inclusion 书籍-项目列入
Number of reference in text (in brackets if not superscript)
Name of author/s (Surname followed by forename/s)
Title of publication (in italics or underlined)
Edition (if not first edition)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page number/s referred to. (Abbreviated to pp.)
e.g. Sax, N. Irving. Industrial pollution. London: Van http://www.ukassignment.org/ygkczy Nostrand, 1974. pp.46-50.
1.2 Journal articles - Items for inclusion 期刊文章-项目列入
Number of reference in text (in brackets if not superscript)
Name of author/s (Surname followed by forename/s)
Title of article
Title of periodical or journal (in italics or underlined)
Volume number (may be abbreviated to' vol.')
Part number (in brackets) 'pt.' may be used
Year of publication
Page number/s of article (Abbreviated to 'pp.')
e.g. Turner, A.C. Airborne mercury concentration.
Air pollution. Vol. 12 (4), 1983.
pp. 13-17.
1.3 Extracts or sections/chapters of books contributed by individual
authors - Items for inclusion:
Number of reference in text (in brackets if not superscript)
Author/s of the contribution (Surname followed by forename/s)
Title of contribution (followed by 'In:')
Author/s or editor/s of books (If editor put 'ed.' after the name)
Title of book (in italics or underlined)
Edition (if not first edition)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page number/s of contribution (Abbreviated to 'pp.')
e.g. Jones, J. L. Acid rain in Sweden. In: Tockwith, A. ed. Acid Rain Review . 3rd
ed. London: Butterworths, 1982. pp.4-72.
HColumbia Online Style: MLA-Style Citations of Electronic SourcesH
Style sheet from University of Columbia for citing electronic resources,
including Web pages, electronic mail and newsgroup citations, and
publications on CD-ROM or disk.
Harvard System of Referencing
In general the Harvard system works well with relatively modern publications. It is,
however somewhat inflexible and not very suitable for citing older material and 'non
standard' items such as newspapers articles which are not clearly authored or 'by-lined'.
There is an excellent online guide at: HTU
Citation in the Text
- The Harvard System
All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be
cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the
Harvard System, cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author's
surname and the year of publication in one of the forms shown below.
If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they
should be given after the year within the parentheses.
1.1 If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in
parentheses:-
e.g. In a popular study Bloggs (1996, p.173) argued that ...
1.2 If, however, the name does not occur nat urally in the sentence, both name and
year are given in parentheses:-
e.g. More recent studies (Bloggs 1998; Smith 1999) show that ...
1.3 When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year,
these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year#p#分页标题#e#
and within the parentheses:-
e.g. Bloggs (1994a) discussed the subject ...
1.4 If there are two authors, the surnames of both should be given:-
e.g. Bloggs and Smith (1993) have proposed that...
1.5 If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author only should
be given, followed by et al :-
e.g. Bloggs et al. (1997) conclude that...
1.6 If there is no originator then "Anon" should be used:-
e.g. A recent article (Anon 1993) stated that...
However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is given, the name of the
paper can be used in place of author or Anon whichever seems most helpful. You will
need to use the same style in the reference list so the name of the newspaper may
be more helpful.
e.g. The Times (1996) stated that....
1.7 If you refer to a source quoted in another work you cite both in the text:-
e.g. A study by Smith (1960 cited Bloggs 1994 p.34) showed that...
(You need to list the work you have used, i.e. Bloggs, in the main
bibliography.)
1.8 Quotations:-
A short quotation of less than a line may be included in the body of the text in
quotation marks but if it is longer start a new line and indent and italicize it.
Include the page number if desired.
e.g.: .... so "good practices must be adhered to" (Smith 1996, p.15)
and we should...
or: Bloggs, 1994, p.92
Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns
to direct or explain the practice
1.9 Diagrams:-
Diagrams should be referenced as though they were a quotation with the author
and date given alongside and full details in the list of references.
Additional notes about citations:
Personal communications:-
Taken from : APA, 1983. Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. 3rd ed. Washington: APA.
They do not provide recoverable data and so are not included in the reference list.
Cite personal communications in the text only. Give initials as well as the surname of
the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible.
e.g. Many amateur investors do not consider the whole picture
according to Joe Bloggs (personal communication, June 15, 1997).
Using footnotes and endnotes
Footnotes also provide references for text within a document. Footnotes appear at
the bottom of a page in a document. Footnotes consist of two linked parts - the
reference mark and the corresponding text. For help in using word to format these go
to HTU Essentially, you can follow the Harvard system, (1 below) or give a more full
reference (2 below). Footnotes are usually in a smaller size of text. You still have to
have a complete list of references at the end of the work
For example:
1. In text:
Further, the amount of effort put forth by each student converges quickly to
the precise amount predicted by tournament theory. P4
At foot of page: P4
PSee Bull, Schotter and Weigelt (1987)
2. In text:
Kenneth Elzinga and Thomas Hogarty used these concepts to develop an
approach for identifying geographic competitors that is frequently used in
antitrust cases. P5
At foot of page: P5 Elzinga, K. and T. Hogarty, “The problem of geographic market definition revisited: The case of coal,” Antitrust Bulletin, 23, 1978:pp1-18.P
Bibliography at the end of a piece of work
The term bibliography describes references to cited documents given in a list at the
end of the text. These are usually described as bibliographic references. Sometimes
the bibliography is called a references list and there is a separate bibliography of
works that have been read but not cited.
In the Harvard System, the references are listed in alphabetical order of
authors' names. If you have cited more than one item by a specific author
they should be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter (1993a,
1993b) if more than one item has been published during a specific year.
Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical reference should be taken
from the title page of the publication.
Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
following examples for the different types of published work you may have
cited.
Reference to a book
Elements to cite:
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS,
Year of publication.
Title.
Edition. (if not the first).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
e.g. BLOGGS, Joe. and SMITH, Peter., 1993. Venture capital in the UK.
2nd ed. London: Longman.
Reference to a contribution in a book
Elements to cite:
Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication.
Title of contribution. Followed by In :
INITIALS. SURNAME, of author or editor of publication followed by
ed. or eds if relevant.
Title of book.
Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.
e.g. BLOGGS, Joe., 1995. Finding business angels.
In : P. SMITH, ed. Annual review of venture capital. London: Heinemann, 123-156.8
Reference to an article in a journal
Elements to cite:
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS.
Year of publication.
Title of article.
Title of journal,
Volume number and (part number), Page numbers of contribution.
e.g. BLOGGS, J., 1996. Finding a business angel. Journal of venture capital, 3 (2), 48-67.
Reference to a conference paper
Elements to cite:
Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication.
Title of contribution. Followed by In:
INITIALS. SURNAME, of editor of conference proceedings
(if applicable) followed by ed. or eds.
Title of conference proceedings including date and place of conference
Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers of contribution.
Example on next page
e.g. BLOGGS, J. 1996. Electronic mail: the new way to communicate.
In: P.SMITH, ed. 14th international online information meeting,
London 3-5 December 1995. Oxford: Learned Information, 221-251.
Reference to a publication from a corporate body (e.g. a government
department or other organisation).
Elements to cite:
NAME OF ISSUING BODY,
Year of publication.
Title of publication .
Place of publication:
Publisher, #p#分页标题#e#
Report Number (where relevant).
e.g. UNESCO, 1993. General information programme and UNISIST.
Paris: Unesco, (PGI-93/WS/22).
Reference to a thesis
Elements to cite:
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS.
Year of publication.
Title of thesis .
Designation, (and type).
Name of institution to which submitted.
e.g. BLOGGS, P., 1997. Case study of a small electronics company looking for
financial capital. Thesis (MBA). Edinburgh University.
Reference to a patent
Elements to cite:
ORIGINATOR,
Date of publication.
Title of patent .
Series designation.
e.g. JOSEPH BLOGGS INC., 1996. Wap technology apparatus using images.
European patent application 0021337 A1.9
TReferencing other types of documents
There are other types of documents, which you ma y wish to cite in your reference list
or bibliography. Although there is no official Harvard guide for these, set out below
are some suggestions.
TActs of Parliament T
The standard method of citing an Act of Parliament.
Short title, year (chapter number). Place of publication. Name of Publisher
e.g. Freedom of Information Act (Scotland) 2002. (c.8), Edinburgh: HMSO.
For Act prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included.
Higher Education Act 1953. (3&4 Eliz.2,c13), London: HMSO.
TStatutory Instruments
References to Statutory Instruments should include the following:
Short title, The abbreviation 'SI, 'Year of publication, Number, Place of
Publication, Publishers name.
e.g. TPublic Offers of Securities Regulations 1995T. SI 1995/1537, London: HMSO
TCommand Papers and other Official publications
Title, Command number as it appears on the document, Year. Place of
Publication, Publisher
e.g. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2007, (Urban Environment)
(Cmnd. 7009) London: HMSO
TLaw reportT
Follow normal legal practice with :-
Name of the parties involved in the law case, Year of reporting
Law reporting series, Volume and number, Page reference
e.g. Bloggs v Bloggs [2006] EWCA Crim 2137, 2006 WL 531642
TAnnual report
Corporate author, Year of publication, Full title of Annual Report. Place of
Publication, Name of Publisher
e.g. Marks and Spencer, 2006. Annual review and summary financial statement
2006. London: Marks and Spencer.
TBritish Standard
Corporate author, Year of publication. Identifying letters and numbers. Full
title of British Standard. Place of Publication, Name of publisher
e.g. British Standards Institution., 2006.ISO 14001. Environmental Management
System Milton Keynes: BSI.
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Reference to CD-ROMs
This section refers to CD-ROMs which are works in their own right and not
bibliographic databases.
Author/editor. (Year). Title [type of medium CD-ROM]. (Edition). Place of
publication, Publisher (if ascertainabl e). Available from: Supplier/Database
identifier or number (optional) [Accessed Date] (optional).
e.g. Bloggs, J. (1996). A Brief history of time: an interactive adventure [CD-ROM].
Crunch Media
TDVD
Authorship, Year of publication. Full title of DVD. [Type of medium] Place of
Publication. Name of publisher, Other relevant publication details.
e.g. TWarner Brothers., 2005. TGreat films from the 80s: a selection of clips from
Warner Brothers top films from the 1980s. T [DVD]. New York:Warner Brothers.
TVideo
Authorship., Year of publication. Full title of video.[Type of medium] Place of
Publication, Name of publisher. Other relevant publication details.
e.g. Ponting, Herbert,1933. T90 Degrees South - With Scott Of The Antarctic
[video]. London., British Film Institute. (with Captain Robert Falcon Scott)
TElectronic material T - following the Harvard System.
No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed
upon. The recommendations in this document follow the practices most likely to be
adopted. Those intending to use such citations in papers submitted to scholarly
journals should check whether an alternative method is used by that journal.
Citation in the Text
Follow the author, date procedure specified earlier.
Elements to include in the list of references at the end of a work
Reference to individual works
Author/editor. (Year). Title [online]. (Edition). Place of publication, Publisher
(if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
e.g. Bloggs, P. (1996). Working the system [online]. Edinburgh,
Edinburgh University.
TFor journal articles, taken from an electronic source
TAuthor(s) surname(s) and first name or initials (Year)
Title of article. In Name of journal [Type of medium] Volume number
T( TIssue number) Page numbers, only if these are part of the webpage
presentation.
Available from, URL and other location and source details, which would help
to retrieve the article
[Accessed, or cited date]
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e.g. Vallance, Elizabeth (1996) Ethics in Business and Health. In
Business Ethics: A European Review, [online] 5 (4), 202–206. T/toc/beer/5/4T T[Cited 19April 2006]
TFor a journal abstract, found on a databaseT
If you need to cite a reference/abstract from a bibliographic database, where you
have been unable to see the full text version, but still wish to include in your
reference list or bibliography.
Author(s) surname(s) and first name or initials (Year)
Title of article. In Name of journal [Type of medium] Volume number
(Issue number) Page numbers, only if these are part of the webpage
presentation.
Abstract from, with details of source
Available from, URL and other location and source details, which would help
to retrieve the article
[Accessed, or cited date]
e.g. Vallance, Elizabeth (1996) Ethics in Business and Health. In Business Ethics:
A European Review, [online] 5 (4), 202–206, Abstract from TBlackwell
Science Synergy database T TAvailable from
TReferencing from the Internet
The information needed for a complete and accurate reference should
normally include:
Author's name(s) and initials (if more than two authors, use first followed by et
al.) or corporate author (Year of publication)
Title of document being cited (with an edition or version number if later than
the first, if relevant) The title of a web page, normally the main heading on the
page.[Medium or type of resource] eg [Internet] to show that this is not a
printed item.
Available from Location URL, Together with any commands needed to locate
the document, generally from the home page, routing or breadcrumb.
[Accessed or cited date] especially important in this context as a document is
likely to change or move, Tyou should also take a print of the front page.
Te.g. THomeland Security Council (1 November 2005), National strategy for
pandemic influenza [Online], U.S. Department of State, Available from:
Australian Stock Exchange. (2007 ), ASX / Russell Long-Term Investing
Report [Online], Available from:
TFor email correspondence/discussion lists
Particular care needs to be taken if you are quoting from these sources, as they may
include personal e-mail addresses, and be from a restricted source. Permission
should be sought before these sources are quoted.
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Author (s) surname and first name initials or corporate name (Email Address)
Year of publication Title of message or subject from posting line , [Type of
medium]e.g. [e-mail] Recipient's name. Type of message. Correspondence#p#分页标题#e#
address (if personal, obtain permission before including such details). Date
sent.
Available from URL (e.g. details of where message is archived)
Date accessed.
e.g. Burns, A. [email protected], 2007. Intelligent technology. [Online].
Message to d. Morrison ( [email protected]). Sent Monday 23 April 2007,
08.13 [cited on 23 April, 2007]
It should be noted that items may only be kept on discussion group servers for a
short time and hence may not be suitable for referencing. The author who is giving
the citation could keep a local copy, with a note to this effect 13 Further Points to Note
TLayout It should be remembered that the Harvard system lays down standards for the order
and content of information in the reference, not the format or layout on the page.
Many variations of layout are acceptable provided they are used consistently.
References may be read straight across the page, and for ease of reading the
reference list or bibliography may be presented in three columns.
The title of the book or journal should be in italics, emboldened or underlined.
Students are advised to keep a paper copy of the front page of any electronic items
cited in any coursework.
TGeneral comments
The quality of a written piece of work is enhanced when the author has paid attention
to the referencing detail. Not only does it enable the marker/examiner to identify the
breadth and depth of the author's understanding of the topic in hand, it also enables
readers in general to access the information referred to.
TTips on getting started T
Remember to record all the documents you read.
Note down:-
Who is responsible for the document, is it a personal author or organisation
When was the document published or for electronic documents, made
available
Title -What is the title of the book
If it’s an article, note the article title and journal title
If it’s a chapter, note the chapter title and book title
If it’s a website, identify what part of the site you are looking at.
Locational information, publishers details for books, volume and pages for
journals
Website address, if in doubt, use the home page address which is more
stable, and give routing to the page you are viewing
For electronic sources, note the date accessed and take a printed copy of the
front page
Punctuation 标点法
In general, the various parts of a bibliographical reference are best separated by full
stops. It is normal to put a comma after the author(s) name(s), and before the initial
of forename. A colon should be used to divide the title from the sub-title.
Setting out Quotations
Exact quotations of a well explored or controversial statement can be telling, but
extensive word-for-word quotations should be avoided. Quotations, if short (say up to
three lines), can be set in quotation marks and included in the body of the text, e.g.:
Franklin has pointed out that "no-one can predict the timing of family crisis support
has to be on a continuous 24 hour basis". Page 57
14
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the
main text - quotation marks are not required, e.g.:
MacDonald (1986) has observed that:
Drug prevention efforts utilising positive peer pressure and young people's
desire may be divided into four general groups: (I) peer groups, (2) peer
participation programme, (3) kids teaching kids and (4) peer counselling.
There are few, if any mature and effective programmes for five year olds.
If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots. 15
Abbreviations and terms used in references
app. appendix
Bd. Band : German for 'volume'
c. copyright
ca. circa : Latin for 'about, approximately'
cf. confer : Latin for 'compare with'
ch. chapter (usually in legal references)
chap. chapter (plural, chaps.)
col. column (plural, cols.)
comp. compiler ( plural, comps.)
e.g. exempli gratia : Latin for 'for example'
ed. edition ; edited by ; editor (plural, eds.)
et al.et alii : Latin for 'and others'
Example:
Marcus, C. et al. Investigations into the phenomenon
of limited-field criticism. Broadview Press, 1990.
et seq. et sequens : Latin for 'and the following'
etc. et cetera : Latin for 'and so forth'
ff. German for following pages'
HMSO Her (His) Majesty's Stationery Office
Heft German for 'number, part' of a book or journal
ibid. ibidem : Latin for 'in the same place'. This word can
only be used in the next consecutive reference in a list
after an earlier reference to the same work.
If you require any assistance with citing please ask for further guidance.
Compiler’s notes
The sources quoted in this guide have been compiled for the purposes of illustration
only. Any similarity with published work is coincidental. This guide has been complied
for referencing published material, using the Harvard Style examples. There is no
such British Standard for electronic resources, in the Harvard style.
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