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指导英国作业The British model, jiangnan road and capitalist sprout _ political treatises Abstract: the past world nearly modern history research of Western Europe have always believed development road is universally true universal significance. The so-called Western Europe in fact the 指导英国政治论文main road is the pattern, its core is the industrial revolution reflect economic changes. But in recent years, European economic history studies the latest achievements of proof, the British model has its particularity, even in Europe, not of general significance. China's capitalist sprout theory is established based on the mode in Britain. In the British model and China through the comparison of the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan mode can be found, if not the invasion of western countries, jiangnan almost not possible British modern industrial revolution. The capitalist sprout theory research in trouble, is actually applying the British model results.
Before the 90 s, the capitalist sprout problem has been the hotspot and focus of ShiTan research, has a number of national discussion upsurge [note: discuss the main results form the 1957, 1960, 1981, and in 1983 published four of the capitalist sprout stages.sae.] . However, in the 90 s, the educational research of the capitalist germination of enthusiasm gradually decreases, innovative, aggressive works more and more rare, past the pomp of the national debate more has become the pages of history.
The reason cause the cooling is complex, lies in both embryonic research of capitalism internal reasons, but also have occurred in capitalist sprout research outside of the reason. From internal reasons for, the capitalist sprout research whole theory structure in the 80 s has been completely finalize the design [note: this to finalize the design, to FuYiLing, Mr. WuChengMing published in the 80 s a series of theory works for representative.] , see again after development; At the same time in the excavations of the historical materials also did not appear breakthrough. So in a sense, the study has reached its vertex. From external reason for, in recent 10 years, scholars in our country for social form and the historical view of the law have had a big change [note: the latest statement about this change, visible in the historical research, 2000 (2 in the journal the social form and history took recognition rules, "and" the Chinese social form and related theory problem review conference. "] . Previous capitalist sprout institute depends on theoretical basis-five mode of production theory, is now needs to be explored. And only first hammered out these problems, the capitalist sprout research just also is likely to continue. Because the two reasons, the capitalist sprout study appeared cooling is inevitable. However, as I in another article mentioned, China capitalism is economic history in our country bud of the important part of the development of the history of modern China played a very important role [note: LiBoChong: the capitalist sprout research and contemporary Chinese history ", "the historical research, 2000 (2).] . The importance of this special, that we can't see it thus gradually "out" ShiTan and indifferent. Even with the capitalist sprout a negative view of the scholars, and should make this seriously analysis, then, its negative statement of the reason, but can't hold a disdain to talk about attitude.
Of the capitalist sprout said to carry on the analysis, the most is the established on which the theoretical basis for analysis. The theoretical basis, constitute the key, is the British model in the world history and the universality of the problem. This article is for this object is discussed in this paper. At the same time, because of the Ming and qing dynasties of social and economic development of our country in the south of the bud of capitalism has special status, and therefore, we will also mainly in jiangnan as the center of the relevant issues are discussed.
A British pattern: importance, universality and particularity
(a) the British model and its importance
The British industrial revolution actually including what content? Why can happen? In the past two hundred years, has been the world economic history studies in the most important topic. Scholars have made all kinds of explanation, thus formed many different versions of "industrial revolution" said. These version with the progress of the British economic history studies have been fixed, so people to "industrial revolution" always in the views of the constant change. At present more acceptable for scholars is dean (PhilisDean) and northrop (DouglasNorth) point of view. Dean said: "the industrial revolution, the word is usually used to refer to the complex economic change, contained in these changes by low productivity, economic growth stalled, traditional, pre-industrial economy to the per capita output and living standards improve economic remain relatively, the growth of the modern industrialization process of change." He went on to point out: "this change the nature, can through a series of related to change that: (1) economic organizations to change, (2) technology to change, (3) industrial structure change. These changes and (since reason is the result of) population, and the per capita output yield (if not immediately, but will eventually realize) sustained growth that there is a link." [note: carlo, Paula. The European economic history of census 4 volumes "industrial society, rise of the chapter 3 the British industrial revolution," (dean authored), Taylor, the commercial press, 1989, pp. 131.] North, then say: industrial revolution from organizational Change and technological changes, which is a "organizational Change and technical progress of the interaction process" [note: DouglasNorth, Structure and Change in EconomicHistory, W. W. Norton & Company (NewYork), 1981, pp. 158-159.] . In short, the industrial revolution modern industrialization of the actual beginning, is the traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial society the turning point of the transition. Successfully reflect this turning point experience mode, is the British model.
The British model in the world in economic history studies which has special meaning, there are two main reasons why.
First of all, because in all countries of the world (or area), only the UK is "spontaneous" from traditional agricultural society transition to modern industrial society case only. Although any countries (or area) the modern industrialization are inseparable from certain external influence, but instead of any other country (or area) is concerned, it is only the British industrial revolution is mainly in the "on their own economic cycle" (Daniel Defoe language) based on the happened, and with a sort of "independence" color [note: [date] the river into the xiao nan: the British industrial revolution, "Taylor, closed at WenBian culture, the west is a collection of economic history of bank of Taiwan in 1984, blackwell.] . While other countries (or area) the modern industrialization, the more or less by forerunner to the influence of the (especially England), or even follow Britain in the industrial revolution France, Germany and other countries is no exception [note: the industrial revolution happened in the special conditions of the French economy, historians Claude f Aaron said: "France isn't this a revolution in the primary, according to a generally occurred in Western Europe, in the process of industrial revolution is largely by Britain and British imitate to input the results." the German economic historian gram, Harriet bo check's said: "the British economic development of the economic development of Germany have had a profound impact." former lead, Paula. The European economic history of census 4 volumes chapter 1 "1700-1914 French industrial revolution," (f Aaron authored) and chapter 2 "1700-1914 German industrial revolution," (Po check, authored), 2, 66.] . As for the more late appear the industrial revolution country (or area), its modern industrialization by the influence of the pioneer is more great and obvious. As Britain in the world economic in this special position, the research of the modern industrialization of experience to produce and successful history, of course, has the incomparable significance.
Second, British from traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial society change of the success experience, and Marx reproduction theory reveals the universal law of are in agreement. According to the law, the development of the social productive forces is the expansion of social reproduction. Although reproduction exist in all of social production, but in modern industrialization before, social reproduction is mainly simple reproduction. Only in the modern industrialization era, expand production to become the main features of the social reproduction. So the economy by industrialization before to modern industrialization economy that is, in effect, give priority to with simple reproduction of social reproduction to give priority to expand production of the change of social reproduction. And this change, also is the industrial revolution.#p#分页标题#e#
Social production can be divided into production material production (mainly that heavy industry) and living material production (mainly namely agriculture and light industry) two most kind, and between is a certain relation. In simple reproduction, production material production the proportion of the small, and the proportion between the two most kind basically stable. But in the expansion, the relationship of scale changed, production material production is the proportion of the former have increased significantly. So in the rapid expansion of social reproduction, production material production the speed of expansion than life material production expand faster. Because of this, although generally believe that the British industrial revolution in the textile industry as the guide, but in fact in the revolution of the big ger role is the rapid development of heavy industry, the so-called coal iron revolution. If not the coal iron revolution and industrial revolution is can't imagine.
The two most expanded reproduction of the change of the relationship, exists in any country (or area) the traditional agricultural economy to a modern industrial economy in the process, but only in the kingdom behaved most clearly. So the British experience in modern industrialization, the importance of the research, so, of course, needless to say. From then on sense, it can be said that British experience with the basis of modern industrialization mode, which Marx reproduction theory revealed by the common law materialization. If we are to other countries (or area) the modern industrialization problems, instead of the British model as reflect these common law specific reference, so we can and what other mode as a reference? This, for China's modern industrialization research also is very important. On the one hand, because the Chinese modern industrialization is not possible departure from the above universal law, on the other hand, because we believe that China's modern industrialization not completely is a kind of exogenous development, in other words, in the modern western before arrival, China has appeared before and modern Western Europe similar development, and the development of the modern industrialization for later provide important basis. So for the Ming and qing dynasties is the development of China's economy, the use of the British model as the main reference is not only a very important and necessary.
(2) the British model of universality and particularity
However, although with the British model for other countries (or area) the modern industrialization research has the universal significance, but as a specific historical phenomenon, the British experience and has its particularity. Especially because only the UK is "spontaneously" into the modern industrialized country, so the experience itself is very unique, not for other countries (or area) has. In this sense, the British model to study other countries (or region) of modern industrialization happened not of general significance. If other countries (or area) the modern industrialization happened with the British are exactly the same, so in our studies of the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan economic development problems need not to the British model as the main reference.
The particularity of the British model, in recent years has been the European economic history studies the proof of the latest achievements. Among them, reg (EdwardAnthonyWrigley) to be the clear expression, but also the most profound. He pointed out that modern industrialization is actually A from "developed organic economy" (advancedorganiceconomy) to "to the mineral can the economy energy base" (mineral-basedenergyeconomy) of Change, "to successfully get rid of organic economy restricted by, A country not only need that kind of A general sense of the capitalistic, in order to achieve modernization; and also need the sense of capitalistic, that is, more and more from mineral deposits, and not in the access to raw materials from agricultural products, especially to develop A large number of energy reserves, rather than rely on all kinds of the past provides production for the thermal energy and power of the renewable energy. The UK economy is in the above two sense capitalistic" [note: E. A. Wrigley, Continuity, Chanceand Change: the Character of the Industrial Revolutionin England, Cambridge UniversityPress (Cambridge), 1988, 115 pp.] . Other European countries (or area) because do not have a condition, therefore also difficult to appear by the industrial revolution. Early modem Western Europe advanced countries, the Netherlands and France, history suggests that this.
"17 th century Dutch and 18 th century France provide a real of handicraft industry workshop typical" [note: the works of Marx and Engels "23 (, people's press, 1972, pp. 419.] . The Dutch in the seventeenth century, it was Europe the most economically developed countries, but its not coal, other fuel rarely, must from neighboring input. John endure husband (JohnNef) points out: from the overseas import coal, make not only the Dutch have to pay a high price, and the country's economic in foreign business policy under control. This and The Dutch industrial long-term stagnation, and loss of its leading position in The original are vital to The [note: JohnNef, The Rise of The British Coal Industry, GordgeRoutledge and Sons Ltd (London), 1932, 234 pp.] . France in 1763 years ago, the business is not behind British (and even slightly lead), 1780 iron production was three times the British. But France itself coal production can't self, need a large input from abroad, the French industrial development has brought serious negative effect. By 1789 when the French revolution, the British annual capacity of about 10 million tons of coal, and France but only 700000 tons of production. Affected the largest is the iron industry. In 1780 the British iron yield only one-third of for France, by 1840 but for 3 times of the French. So Steve Arnold, in that: coal shortage is French industry to demand and limited depending on luxury goods production development, and not the case in the UK to where there is a large and fixed the mass consumer goods production demand striding ahead, caused by the industrial revolution to become one of the main reasons for the [note: led Nef book before, 126, 234-237; L. S. Steve Arnold, in: the global history "(1500 years), Taylor, Shanghai academy of social sciences press, 1999, pp. 282-283.] .
It is because of a British pattern in Europe is not of general significance and so Charles Wendy (CharlesTilly) think from 18 century situation, entirely unforeseeable 19 century to the modern industrialization: "if we imagine a body in 1750 and don't mind then what really happened, and to imagine the situation at that time in the future, so how will become the most may foresee urban and rural labor division is. But this division is: the city of Europe, gathered ShiLiZhe officers and big capitalists, they designed force to trade, administrative and service, and not engaged in industrial. Also can see the countryside have a growing the proletariat, and engaged in agriculture and industry." [note: CharlesTilly, Flows of Capital and Forms of Industry inEurope, 1500-1900, r. WangGuoBin since the change of Chinese history change of European experience-and the limitations of the "Taylor, jiangsu, people's publishing house, 1999, 42 page.] This kind of prospect and we imagined than 18 th century before and after the industrial revolution Europe is alike, as with the situation of the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan alike.
Many European economic historian, although not by Marx reproduction theory to explain why the British model to most of the countries of Europe (or area) don't of general significance, but they have pointed out that the main reason for the and marxist theory but that is consistent with the situation. For example, reg that to "organic economy" as the foundation of the early modern times of economic development and to fossil fuel based modern industrialization, in different internal logic and operation. He said: "the classical economists life world, is a limited world. In the world of the economic growth path, if use a successful economic painted, at best just to a JianJinXian. It never shows for the power form, because the form of power has become the experience of the industrial revolution economic signs." [note: E. A. Wrigley, TheLimits to Growth: Malthus and the ClassicalEconomists, closed at Michael S. Teitelbaum and JayM. Winter, eds. Population and Resources in WesternIntellectual Traditions, Cambridge UniversityPress (Cambridge), 1989.] So the classical economists talk of that kind of economic growth and the modern economic growth between, and there is no necessary link. The general sense of the capitalistic energy mass exploitation of mineral and to use as the foundation of the capitalistic, both the contact between the first is very accidental, and no causality [note: former lead Wrigley, Continuity, Chanceand Change: the Character of the Industrial RevolutioninEngland, 115.] . In other words, even in the UK, if there is no coal iron industry significant development, Adam Smith in the industrial development of the time also will not lead to the modern industrialization. Therefore, Mr Graham (GraemeDonaldSnooks) alex clearly think that the Industrial revolution not necessarily [note: he edited and published a new title of this, is called the Industrial revolution is inevitable? ". See GraemeDonald Snooks, Was the Industrial RevolutionNecessary? Routleoge (London and NewYork), 1994.] .#p#分页标题#e#
Two jiangnan road: and the British model or disobeys consistent?
(a) the British model does not apply to south of the Ming and qing dynasties
The economic development of south Ming and qing dynasties, and happen to be British sharp contrast. The main industry development of the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan one of the characteristics of, the abnormal light and heavy industry is excessively heavy light industry, thus forming a kind of "super light structure". The size of the light industry and also large scale (even larger) agriculture, the life of the material production accounts for most of the proportion of social production, with heavy (reproduced since China's education abstract http://www.edUzhai.net, please keep this mark.) Industrial production material production mainly in social production in the proportion of the very small. More attention is, in the Ming and qing dynasties, with the development of the jiangnan industry, this is the growing attach too much weight to [note: LiBoChong lead before the early industrialization of changjiang delta, 1500-1850 "chapter 10.] . Therefore, if we admit that the British model shows the reproduction of the rule of general significance, he will come to the conclusion: if there is no external factors involved in, the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan economic development will not lead to the modern industrialization [note: here said the "external factors" are not synonymous with the "foreign", but to the economic development of south on the outside of the impact of.] . In this sense, the British model is not suitable for the economic development of the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan reality. Here to emphasize that the jiangnan economic development will not result in Ming and qing dynasties modern industrialization conclusion, which doesn't mean that the value judgment. The Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan whether the economy can make to develop modern industrialization (in fact is not to develop modern industrialization), and to the Ming and qing dynasties chiangnan economy history status and evaluation completely irrelevant, just as the early modern times of the most developed European countries to develop modern Dutch by industrialization, do not affect our in early modem to Dutch European economic in important position to make sure that the same. Instead, said jiangnan will like to England toward capitalism of the modern industrialization path forward, seemed to be sure that the jiangnan's historical position, but in fact it is and Marx reproduction theory reveals the universal law of status in opposition. If this hypothesis can set up, then by the British model shows in the basic law is lost its universal significance, is no longer widely rule. Therefore, the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan reality does not accord with the British model.
(2) the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan economic development road
Although the significance of say from broad in Ming and qing jiangnan economic development is the main driving force of the interactive relationship between productivity and production, but specific exactly is what, in the past had no special discussion, so no definite conclusion to [note: according to the main view, prompted the capitalist sprout appear and the main factors of the development, is the productive forces, commodity economy and the development of the employment relationship. But in three, before both usually and is considered as the bud appear and the development history of employment assumption, and development is regarded as the core of the bud. So if the industry development power is capitalist sprout, then the premise and motivation, tangled up. But if say that is the productive forces, and the industrial development itself is the productive forces development of important content. "if it is the development of commodity economy, so this again and historians about the nature of the Ming and qing society common conflict, because according to this agreement, the Ming and qing dynasties is still the main is self-sufficient natural economy.] . In recent years, many scholars tend to think that is the population pressure intensified and the manifestation of the economy--" dense change "(or" in the volume "). However, the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan and did not appear population pressure intensified, agriculture and industry in labor productivity and no decline, so the population pressure, can not explain the chiangnan economy development of the Ming and qing dynasties [note: refer to the LiBoChong the jiangnan's early industrialization, 1500-1850 "chapter 9; the farmer labor productivity rise" (closed at side trip, the health, WeiJinYu prince, the China economic history of qing dynasty, economic volume economic daily press, 1999); "the" lowest life level? Ge defence seems the Α we sell silk umbrella tons of relief for room Zi Xun it fee? 996 jun core 1).].
To promote the development of the Ming and qing dynasties chiangnan economy the main power, should be a division of labor and professional development. This driving force is called "Smith power" (theSmithianDynamics). Smith thought the motive force of the economic development is a division of labor and professional brought about by the high productivity, that is the most appropriate production each man the production of products, and then exchange with others, and in the market to get a abundant profits. Division of labor subject only to the limit of the size of the market, the market to expand economic growth opportunities also will increase. The price system of decentralization to broaden the scope of the market, and also expanded from the division of labor obtain advantages. Therefore, trade is both the labor division and specialization development condition, the same time again with labor division and specialization reflect the relative advantages for the foundation. But Smith of the era of economic remains largely is agricultural economy, so he did not foresee the industrial revolution and the society and economy in the fundamental change of [note: refer to lead WangGuoBin before the change of Chinese history change of European experience-and the limitations of the ", 10 to 12 pages.] . By this "Smith power" in the economic Growth is also called "Smith Growth type" (theSmithian Growth). FeiWeiKai (AlbertFeuerwerker) theoretically in this "Smith type growth" features are summarized in this paper. In this Growth, Economic output, labor productivity have improved, but the technology is not change [note: AlbertFeuerwerker, Presidential Address: Questions aboutChina s Early Modern Economic History that I Wish ICould Answer, appeared in Journal of AsianStudies, Vol. 5, No. 4. And the relative is "extensive Growth" (extensivegrowth) and "kuznets Growth type" (Growth a la Kuznetz or theKunznetsianGrowth), the former is only total Economic output increase without labor productivity rise, the latter is the 19 century of Modern industrialization.] . Since there is no breakthrough, so this kind of growth depends on the size of the market and expand. In other words, the market's capacity is the limits to growth [note: Smith and David ricardo (DavidRicardo), Thomas malthus believe that economic growth is more extensive limit. They think that population growth rate, the economic decision, so the cost of pay for living and closely linked. Smith thought high wages increase the survival rate of children, and children of the increased population growth, and that wages fall. In wealthy countries, increase wealth opportunity has tried, so profits and interest rates decline in the basic analysis framework. David ricardo, he is expected to natural resources will be out of a population. Thomas malthus is more than the proliferation resource base can support the prospect of the number of deeply fear. Refer to the WangGuoBin the transformation of Chinese history change of European experience-and the limitations of the ", 24-25 pages.] . It is also because no technological breakthrough, so Smith power would not lead to modern industrialization.#p#分页标题#e#
The Ming and qing dynasties the development of China's economy belongs to this "Smith type growth". Economic development is the main power division of labor and the professional, and the motivation of the role played by the size and duration of the length of mainly depends on the change of the market again. Here said the labor division and specialization, has many aspects of meaning. One of the most main aspects, one is between industry and agriculture division and specialization, and the second is region between division and specialization. These two points in the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan performance obviously. In the former on one hand, from Ming dynasty "couples and" to qing dynasty's "male plow female knit", express the rural south in the separation of the industry and agriculture production and men's and women's labor division and specialization [note: refer to the LiBoChong "" people plow ten acres of" and the Ming and qing dynasties jiangnan farmers the scale of Ming and qing dynasties, jiangnan agricultural economy development characteristics of discussed five "(" the China agriculture, history of 1996 years of 1)," from "couples and" to "male plow female knit"-the Ming and qing dynasties peasant women's labor problems discussed jiangnan one "(" the China economic history research, 1996 (3 period), and" the "male plow female knit" and "sky" the formation of the Ming and qing dynasties role-women's labor problems discussed farm south of the second "(" the China economic history research, 1997 (3 phase).] . In the hand, jiangnan and other parts of China have formed between a regional industrial division and specialization, through this division and specialization, of all kinds of input from outside the south of the raw materials necessary for its industry, and at the same time a large output industrial products. The work division and specialization which happened on a is the formation of China's domestic market inside, and are in the market just south of the center. The market not only let? Roast Sou husham a good play ⒄ blame huan came the ⒔ could keep house miles of the new 琓 heFormation of China s NationalMarket, 1500-1850, paper presented to the EighthAnnual World History Association InternationalCongress, Victoria, Canada, perspective 9. ] .
However, the expansion of the market to promote economic development, will not lead to the emergence of the industrial revolution. Jones (E. L. Jones) said the European captured the new continent, obtained an "unprecedented ecological windfall" [note: E. L. Jones, TheEuropean Miracle: Environments, Economics andGeopolitics in the History of Europe andAsia, Cambridge UniversityPress (Cambridge), 1981, 84 pp.] . Britain and won one of the best in the a-in North America, the windfall for Britain delayed Smith said the "growth limit" coming. But the breakthrough of the growth of the limitations inherent type Smith, and is not only through overseas expansion and grab by the new resources, or even by through the system Change is not only, and rely on world history without a who mineral energy development [note: see led Wrigley, Continuity, before Chanceand Change: the Character of the Industrial RevolutioninEngland, 115.] . In this sense, because of the lack of coal iron resources, jiangnan possible energy revolution (and material revolution), so of course also impossible to the modern industrialization development [note: LiBoChong lead before the early industrialization of changjiang delta, 1500-1850 "7, chapter 9.] .
(3) the possibility of modern jiangnan appear industrialization
Because restrict jiangnan expand production development is the main factor of the lack of energy and materials, so it will have to enter and mass guarantee cheap coal iron, so it is not impossible to modern industrialization. From the qing dynasty to the development of China's coastal areas, jiangnan through the input to ease its iron coal energy and materials KuiQue possibility is there. Jiangnan water and have can connect for areas, in the middle of qing dynasty of zibo in shandong province in the coal mine coal has been exported to the south part of [note: PengZeYi make up the Chinese modern hand providing material "2 (Cambridge university press, 1957, pp. 156-157.] . Particularly want to point out is, the north China and northeast of the important coal mine of kailuan coal mine and liaoning, hebei province benxi coal mine, not only by big, easy to mining, and is located in the seaside, the products can be through a more cheap by sea to jiangnan. Hebei kailuan coal mine in early Ming dynasty started mining [note: all the han NFDF4 : the qing state of China's first season input coal mine flood problem ", the YuQuanShi the China economic history review ", new Asia research institute (Hong Kong), 1972.] And later, though not development, but the early after mining to the new law, "the MeiJin extremely exquisite,...... value and the cheap" [note: ZhangDao: "the guinness miscellanea" (closed at the small FangHu and to CongChao "9 Zhi), volume" kaiping mining bureau "bar.] , a lot to Shanghai jiangnan manufacturing supply bureau. Liaoning has completed the qianlong times in benxi mines 23 seats, born coal "with cheap province", so "near the vendor everywhere" [note: in WeiQingYuan, WuJiYan, LuSu make up the qing dynasty's mining industry ", the Chinese books, 1983. Pp. 86? Central?] . Modern jiangnan of coal is used mainly from above place. In addition, the use of northeast iron industry, early in the early qing dynasty has certain scale [note: TianZhongHong f: "the qing dynasty の is thriving と manchuria の ore industry-red yi NFDF5 making を center と し て", "the ShiYuan" 34 volumes 1.] . And to qianlong times, the northeast and started to use coke to ironmaking bituminous coal [note: fourth grand (F. M. Tegenren) : the Chinese iron ore record "agriculture and business, the geological survey of 1923 blackwell, 217), p..] . This means that the smelting iron industry can have the larger development space. The northeast of anshan, fushun two big coal, iron ore to hide, are located very close, is the ideal coal iron industry development. Here of coal, iron 19 century began to use the new law mining, in the first half of the 20 th century became the largest east Asia coal and iron producer. In addition to north China and northeast coast, middle Yangtze river also have coal iron industry development advantage. In qianlong hankou when it has become the most important one of iron manufacturing center. The era of westernization movement, hanyang iron ore and coal mine with deals with pingxiang mineral deposits, was completed in 1884 east Asia the first large steel joint enterprise of modernization [note: by 1910, hanyang iron works with annual capacity of nearly 150000 tons of pig iron, steel 50000 tons, 28000 tons, rail and accessories in China steel imports is equivalent to 4/5 of the WuChengMing. Refer to the early in the process of China's modernization external and internal factors ", "the teaching and research, 1987 (3 period.] . These coal, iron ore hid the development prospect with light, indicates the jiangnan water transport through a large input coal, iron is not unrealistic. Therefore, jiangnan through the input coal, iron to establish a certain scale of heavy? ひ bear bo emperor with zinc Shan Nai knock ⒔ could die HeAn keep wisdom ⒐ particularly perch filipacchi ec squid check S ⒐ Cong huang 2. grain ? Before 8 th century, because have not yet master coking technology, charcoal briquettes and demand exceeds supply, the iron in the body of the required; At the same time, ironmaking backward in technology, not production quality is higher article of iron; So in a small amount Britain had to export pig iron at the same time, large quantities from Sweden and Russia article imported iron. So mans tew said: 18 th century before the middle of British metal processing industry have angry, is "thanks to input Sweden or Russian iron" (Paul mans graph: the industrial revolution-18 th century British modern big industry in the early years of the situation, "Taylor, the commercial press, 1983, 223). LiangSiJi wave more think: "if no 18 th century (Russia) of the urals iron, the British industrial revolution itself is not going to happen." (Я. Wave LiangSiJi: the foreign economic history-feudalism times, new, Cambridge university press, 1958, 380 pages) and, British coal mine in northern and central more, while the economic center is in the southeast, has long had to a large sea coal down, it is "the sea coal," said. For the UK economy in northeast England for-center, the economic modernization of coal is required of the input. So from external input coal iron to supplement the defects of the domestic production, in early modem England's economic development has played an important role, and also to its modern industrialized happen played an important role. ] .#p#分页标题#e#
From Marx's reproduction theory for, expand production need heavy industry has developed quickly. But in a developed area of division within the system, not each region need to build a strong heavy industry. In China the division within the system, along with the further development of the northeast, north and north and south sea trade further strengthen, jiangnan does may gain and expanding the social reproduction must the production material, so as to realize the "developed organic economy" to "fossil fuel economy" transformation. However, due to the prospect of the main areas in China only realize common development, and therefore there are many uncertain factors. Due to the uncertain factors too much, so this may even if the prospect of can become a reality, and will be a complex and long process.
Three capitalist theory and the British model tooth grows
However, first of all, previously thought of Western Europe road of Chinese history of general significance and is not validated. So as the default research premise, in fact just blind to the British model. In terms of methodology for, this is a kind of default prior research method of the conclusion, its essence is to be proved in Western Europe on the land of China road again, not found that the development of the Chinese economy really characteristics. But, if not to find China's own characteristics, so our study will lose its significance.
Second, as the capitalist sprout theory core concept of the historical development, is based on a British model on the basis of understanding the out of date. As mentioned above, the British model is established based on which the British experience, and the past to British experience's understanding of the deviation. In these deviations, the most serious is that British experience shows the inevitable history. Of the British industrial revolution with the deepening of the research, the historical inevitability has been more and more scholars have questioned and challenges. If with the industrial revolution of the beginning of the modern industrialization on for British also does not necessarily is a historical choice of words, so said China capitalist sprout will become modern capitalist industrialization, of course, more is not convincing.
Again, as a kind of economic growth theory, the capitalist sprout theory itself has serious drawbacks. In recent years of the British industrial revolution research can see, the British model represents the modern economic growth mode, and Marx about productivity and production relationship interaction theory reveals consistent principle [note: such as dean pointed out that the British industrial revolution is economic organization of technological change and industrial transformation, and structural change, and the common result north, emphasize the industrial revolution is an organizational change and technology progress influence each other process.] . The capitalist sprout theory is also talking about productivity, but it's main focus is in the relations of production, productivity is just as the relations of production change a condition just. This led to a Marx's productivity and production relation theory of contradictory conclusion: although Ming qing China productivity development does not appear breakthrough (many scholars think even stagnation or down), but the capitalist sprout still can appear and development, and will surely will be development of modern capitalism industrialization. Therefore, in this study, productivity is actually not much status, and the relations of production will be recognized as promote the decisive factor in the development of social production. As long as the change of production relation seemed to development, "the bud of capitalism can become" mature capitalism ". This "only production relations" view, no matter in the logical or in fact has problems.
Finally, before the British model in the international academic community, a generalized, an important reason is the western centre, the view of the socialist the domination of the victors. Today, the western center who still firmly believe that the western have taken the road is in other parts of the world history of the inevitable way. Typical examples like (FrancisFukuyama) in its fushan became a "the end of history and the last man," a book, is still determined to claim that western covered a historical process, thus become a modern (and modern synonymous); And at present in other parts of the world are the direction toward, towards the end of history together. But in his writings, that will guide the western outside the end of the power, and the region itself seems to the history and without any relationship, is closely related with Europe. Giddens (AnthonyGiddens), that the same wonderful. In his book the result of modernity in his book, he clearly declared: "just for our system in modern times, development, have two kinds of different complex organization special important-national capitalism and systematic from production... by the two great change in the way of life in modern times, is a western engineering? This question, straightforward the answer would be Yes." Clearly, JiShi said the "modern" (that is, the modern) history, is people are familiar with the history of European capitalism, and modern world history but is a started in Europe of globalization process [note: the above see WangGuoBin the transformation of Chinese history change of European experience-and the limitations of the ", 263-264.] . If the Ming and qing dynasties of China's economic development will go the way of the UK, so not is exactly the fushan and giddens, said that necessity?
指导留学生作业China's capitalist sprout research has been more than half a century, and has had great success. But today, it is waned, and faced with the prospect of disappearing gradually. In order to save the modern Chinese history in the history of played an important part of the research, we have to be past research summary, and use a new perspective, new methods and new achievements, to review the previous research in those important problem. The Ming and qing dynasties whether China appear the capitalist sprout is worth further research of the major issues, but for this kind of research but can't completely follow previous practices. Jeffrey balak krogh said to many western historians had intense criticism, pointed out that they were in research methods, the research object and concept system, still "fully carry on the traditional, like the old developed countries some industrial department, only satisfies in rely on inherited capital, continue to use old machines," and not "willingly give up their old habits die and the basic principle of their work to think" [note: former lead Jeffrey balak krogh contemporary historiography main trend ", Shanghai. The press, 1987,, 327, 330-332.] . If take this approach to capitalist sprout research, so this had unlimited scenery of research, I also will not escape a rigid, in the new century the development of history and was left out in the cold, and gradually is forgotten. The prospect of will make our history workers feel infinite ChangWan.
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