兰卡斯特大学 (Lancaster University)：对京都文化旅游特征的介绍及特点分析

Introduction
介绍

Secondary Research
次要研究

The secondary research method used here are textbooks and website informations.

Primary Research
初步研究

Although the secondary research is essential, but, in order to understand the cultural tourist motivation and behaviour, primary research is necessary. The primary research used here is interview. Author tries to find out the motivation for such travel and consequently behaviour through this interview as groundwork of cultural tourists motivation and behaviours analysis.
虽然次级研究是必要的，但是，为了理解文化的旅游动机和行为，初步研究是必要的。这里使用的是研究的主要采访。作者试图找出这样的旅行动机，因此通过这次采访行为，作为文化旅游的动机和行为分析的基础。

THE FEATURE OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN KYOTO
在京都的文化旅游特征

Introduction
介绍

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the characteristic feature of Kyoto cultural tourism, identity which stages it is in by using the Tourism Area Life Cycles (TALC) on the base of some official figures.
本章的目的是提供一个概述京都文化旅游的特点、身份，它是处于在一些官方数字的基础上，通过旅游地生命周期（TALC）的阶段。

The Feature of Cultural Tourism in Kyoto
京都旅游文化特点

Japan was a modern country but also well known for preserving Japan's old traditional culture forms, such as: women wearing Kimono, tea ceremony and the way of greeting and Japanese home stay protocol. It is amazingly modern, technologically advance and home to one of the largest and deepest forms of traditional culture in the world today. Kyoto used to be the capital of Japan, an ancient city with a 1200 year history. It was established as Japan's capital under the name "Heian-kyo" in the year 794. Although many transformations have taken place over the years. Kyoto also preserves the beloved properties of its culture as testimonials of time. This is shown in the ancient temples and shrines built in styles unique to Kyoto, as well as private houses. Moreover, many festivals, ceremonies and traditional industries reveal the will of this city to transmit and develop its long history culture.
日本是一个现代化的国家，但也是众所周知的维护日本的古老的传统文化形式，如：女性穿着和服，茶道的方式问候和日本家庭住宿协议。这是令人惊讶的现代，技术进步和家里最大最深的传统文化形式，在当今世界之一。京都曾经是日本的首都，具有1200年历史的古城。它被确定为日本的首都的名义下“平安京”在今年794。多年来虽然已经发生了许多变革。京都还保留心爱的其文化属性，作为褒奖时间。这是显示在古老的寺庙和神社建于京都，以及私人住宅的独特风格。此外，许多节日，庆典和传统产业揭示这座城市的意志，发送和发展其悠久的历史文化。

It flourished as the centre for Japanese politics, economy and culture for some 1,200 years, until the capital functions were transferred to Tokyo in the mid-19th century. There are many temples and shrines in Kyoto that were built during this long period that still remain there today. Thirteen temples, three shrines and the Castle are all registered as world heritage sites along with large numbers of historical buildings, cultural festivals and events, and traditional industries. The Imperial Court culture of the Kyoto aristocrats, as portrayed in Japan’s oldest novel, The Tale of Genji, became the foundation of the Japanese aesthetic sense. In addition, it is rich in intangible heritages, three artistic expressions have been proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity: the Nôgaku Theatres (2001), the Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre (2003) and the Kabuki Theatre (2005). Kyoto is also the center of Japan's religious culture.
它蓬勃发展，作为日本的政治，经济和文化中心1200余年，直到在19世纪中首都功能被转移到东京。有很多在京都的寺庙和神社，建于这一漫长的时期，仍然保留到今天。 13个寺庙，神龛和城堡都伴随着大量的历史建筑，文化节日和活动，与传统产业的世界遗产登记。描绘的日本最古老的小说，源氏物语京都贵族宫廷文化成为日本审美意识的基础。此外，它含有丰富的非物质文化遗产，三种艺术表现形式已被宣布人类口述和非物质遗产代表作：Nôgaku剧院（2001），人形Johruri文乐木偶剧院（2003年）和歌舞伎剧院（2005年）。京都也是日本的宗教文化中心。

Kyoto has been regarded as the cradle of Japanese culture and the most attractive cultural tourism destination in Asia by its both tangible and intangible cultural-historical features. According to an “Overseas Visitor Satisfaction Survey 2006-2007” (Japan National Tourist Organization annual report), Kyoto was the most recommended attraction in Japan. One of the most worldwide popular travel website “tripadvisor” put Kyoto on the number second of “Top 10 Culture & Sightseeing Destinations in Asia” and number seventeenth of “Top 25 Destinations in the World chosen by Europeans” of their annual rating: TRAVELERS’ CHOICE AWARS 2010 – THE BEST DESTINATIONS. The website recommended as: “Only Rome has more World Heritage Sites than the former Japanese capital. But happily unlike Rome, Kyoto maintains its calmness and romance even among throngs of summer tourists.” Kyoto also be choiced as the one of the “Top 10 Food & Wine Destinations in Asia” on number seventh and is the number six of “Top 10 Romance Destinations in Asia” (tripadvisor, 2010).
京都一直被视为日本文化的摇篮，其有形和无形的文化历史特征在亚洲最有吸引力的文化旅游目的地。
 

Figure 1: Number of Tourists by Month (2006)
图1：每月旅游人数（2006）
Source: Kyoto Travel Guide

As illustrated in Figure 1, it explicitly shows that one of Kyoto’s cultural tourisms major character is seasonality. Obviously, Spring and Autumn are peak seasons when most traditional cultural festivals and events are taking place. In order to balance the flux between peak and off-peak seasons, Kyoto applies three strategies as recommendations to attract overseas visitors in the off-peak season, which are:
如图1所示，它明确地表明，“京都议定书”的文化旅游业主要角色之一是季节性。显然，春季和秋季是最传统的文化节日和活动时，正在发生的高峰季节。为了平衡高峰和淡季之间的磁通量，京都适用于三种策略建议，以吸引海外游客的淡季。
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“To choose the low season – winter, and touch the depth of Japanese culture all you want; to maximize the currency rate merit and enjoy the high cost performance of a stay in Japan; to take advantage the great transportation convenience of Kyoto and use it as your base of tourism in Japan.” (Kyoto Travel Guide, 2010)

 
Figure 2: Number of Overseas Visitor and Nation Rate
图2：海外游客数量和国家率
Source: Kyoto Travel Guide

Figure 2 presents the number of overseas visitors going to Kyoto from 1970-2006 and the top seven nations rating. Apparently, the number of visitors go to Kyoto has been keeping increase during this 36 year period, except in 1995 when the Kyoto area hit by an earthquake and then the figures reached the highest yet 2006. Figure 2 also shows that nearly forty-percent of all visitors who stay in Kyoto are Americans, making America the biggest exporter of Kyoto tourists.
图2给出了1970-2006年，排名前七位的国家评级从“京都议定书”的海外游客数量。显然，去京都的游客数量一直保持增长在这36年期间，除了在1995年京都地区，然后遭受了地震灾害的数字达到了最高尚2006年。图2还显示，所有旅客中将近40％在京都的是美国人，使美国成为京东旅游者中出口最大的出口国。

Butler’s (2005, pp.5-8) Tourism Area Life Cycles (TALC) model explores five main stages and an additional one to identify a destination’s status, which are exploration, involvement, consolidation, stagnation, decline, then rejuvenation may occur. As an instrument of Butler’s theory, tourism in Kyoto could be recognized as an experiencing between the consolidation and stagnation stage. According to Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycles that:

“As the consolidation stage is entered the rate of increase in numbers of visitors will decline, although total numbers will still increase with marketing, information dissemination, and further facility provision, a major part of the area’s economy will be tied to tourism. As the area enters the stagnation stage the peak numbers of visitors will have been reached.”

Some of the facts and figures above reveal that in the last three decades Kyoto tourism has stability in its growth apart from the negative affect from some of the natural disasters. Therefore, “Life cycles of regions are influenced by a multitude of commercial, government, human and other activities.” (Butler, 2005, p.60) However, even though the cultural tourism in Kyoto is in a stable stage, the consolidation stage still needs to develop the destination and improve performance to fight stagnation and decline.#p#分页标题#e#
上述的一些事实和数字显示，在过去的三十年中，京都观光景点在其成长的稳定性，除了一些自然灾害的负面影响。因此，“区域生命周期由众多商业，政府，人力和其他活动的影响。”（巴特勒，2005年，第60页）然而，即使在京都的文化旅游是在一个稳定的阶段，巩固阶段仍然需要发展目标和提高性能打停滞和衰落。